FISHING GEAR AND VESSELS

FISHING IN THE DARK: A PURSUIT-DIVING SEABIRD MODIFIES FORAGING BEHAVIOUR IN RESPONSE TO NOCTURNAL LIGHT LEVELS

2011-11-29T04:30:00.001+07:00

Abstrac

Visual predators tend not to hunt during periods when efficiency is compromised by low light levels. Yet common murres, a species considered a diurnal visual predator, frequently dive at night. To study foraging of murres under different light conditions, we used a combination of archival tagging methods and astronomical models to assess relationships between diving behaviour and light availability. During diurnal and crepuscular periods, murres used a wide range of the water column (2-177 m), foraging across light intensities that spanned several orders of magnitude (10(3)-10(-10) Wm(-2)). Through these periods, they readily dived under conditions equivalent to ambient moonlight (∼10(-4) Wm(-2)) but rarely under conditions equivalent to starlight (∼10(-8) Wm(-2)). At night, murres readily foraged during both moonlit and starlit periods, and diving depth and efficiency increased with nocturnal light intensity, suggesting that night diving is at least partially visually guided. Whether visually guided foraging is possible during starlit periods is less clear. Given the dense prey landscape available, random-walk simulations suggest that murres could benefit from random prey encounters. We hypothesise that murres foraging through starlit periods rely either on close-range visual or possibly nonvisual cues to acquire randomly encountered prey. This research highlights the flexibility of breeding common murres and raises questions about the strategies and mechanisms birds use to find prey under very low light conditions.

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TURTLE PARTS 9: OBSTACLES FOR SUBADULTS AND ADULTS

2011-11-29T03:05:00.000+07:00

Although the number of obstacles that sea turtles face during these stages of their lives is fewer, there are still many to be overcome. As sea turtles grow from subadults to adults the number of natural predators decreases. This is simply due to the fact that the turtles are growing larger, and the number of predators that can actually successfully prey upon them is fewer. Sharks and other fish continue to prey upon them, but by the time a sea turtle reaches full mature size these attacks seldom result in death for the turtles. Females often emerge from the sea to nest with flippers, both rear and front, mangled or completely missing, which can greatly limit her ability to nest. These injuries are most likely the result of an attack from a large shark, and can also prevent a male from successfully mating. Sea turtles will eventually outgrow the majority of their natural predators. But there are two threats they cannot outgrow: disease and man.

Diseases do afflict sea turtles, but naturally occurring diseases – meaning diseases not enhanced by human activities – do not seem to occur with any great frequency or cause a large number of deaths. There is however one disease that is currently having a very adverse affect upon sea turtles, and will be discussed in more detail later in this section. Human beings are the second natural predator that sea turtles do not outgrow and our actions are causing mortality in sea turtles with great frequency.

Humans have harvested sea turtles for food consumption and for their shells and leather for various purposes

throughout history with seemingly little or no affect on their overall survival. But, the population of humans, and thus the areas that we inhabit, have been increasing through the ages. These increases, along with the non-selective fishing practices in use today, have placed additional pressure on the ability of populations of sea turtles to survive.

Historically sea turtle meat has been a primary source (and when fishing was poor, an alternative source) of protein for many coastal communities. Some communities still partly rely on sea turtles as a source of protein. The primary sea turtle dish that is consumed by humans today is green turtle soup, and a lot of this soup is prepared to satisfy foreign market and tourist demand. It is a luxury or novelty item, just as so many of the items produced using sea turtle shells and skins are. Until 1990, when the Mexican government placed a ban on the trade of sea turtle products, up to 50,000 sea turtles a year were slaughtered in Mexico alone for their skins and shells. Today it is estimated that tens of thousands of turtles are slaughtered each year for the production of luxury items such as boots, belts, purses and eyeglasses frames made from sea turtle parts. Thousands of sea turtles are also dying as so-called bycatch in the nets and on the hooks of fishermen each year.

Sea turtles breathe air and must surface regularly to survive. When they get caught in fishing nets or on fishing hooks, they drown. Modern fishing methods such as shrimp trawls, large nets drug behind boats, drift nets, and long lines, baited hooks stretching out great distances, inadvertently capture sea turtles. These turtles are wastefully discarded as by- (unwanted) catch, since they are not the intended quarry of the fishermen. An estimated 150,000 sea turtles were captured worldwide in fishing nets last year, with one-third of those being

caught in U.S waters. Numerous other non-targeted species suffer the same fate. Shrimp trawling has been identified as having the largest bycatch rate of all fisheries, representing 35 percent of the worldwide total for all fisheries combined. Shrimping in U.S. waters is responsible for close to 1.5 million metric tons of bycatch per year. Up to fourteen pounds of fish are destroyed and discarded for each pound of shrimp harvested in some shrimp fisheries. Therefore not only do these fishing practices place sea turtles at great risk; they threaten the biodiversity of the entire ocean. However, there is a simple and inexpensive, device that can be installed in the nets of shrimp trawlers that can greatly reduce these negative affects of the industry.

These devices are known as TEDs, or Turtle Excluder Devices. TEDs are metal grids that are sewn into shrimp nets and guide sea turtles and other unwanted bycatch out an escape hatch. U.S. government studies show that the proper design, installation, and use of TEDs can reduce the number of turtles killed by shrimping by 97% or more. Furthermore, TEDs reduce the bycatch of other marine organisms by up to 60%. TEDs are required on U.S. shrimp fishing vessels by way of a provision of the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The problem is in getting some fishermen to properly install, or use, a TED at all.

Like other provisions of the endangered species act, the TED provision is one that is very difficult to enforce. Many fishermen see the value of TEDs. TEDs were actually developed by a fisherman from Georgia in the 1970s to reduce bycatch and increase the time he could pull his net for shrimp. Still other fishermen contend that TEDs cause them to lose shrimp, and thus alter the TED in a manner that makes it ineffective in releasing sea turtles and other bycatch.

Pollution is the final threat from man that subadult and adult sea turtles must contend with. Unfortunately many humans view the ocean as an unlimited resource, and they exploit it by dumping pollution and trash into the sea. Materials such as plastic bags or congealed oil are often mistaken by sea turtles to be jellyfish, a common food source. When these materials are ingested by the turtles they either choke on them or in rare instances die of starvation because of their inability to digest the foreign object that is now obstructing their digestive tract. Pollutants invisible to the turtles are a very real threat to their survival as well.

A disease known as fibropapilloma is now affecting large numbers of sea turtles and as alluded to earlier it is not a naturally occurring disease. This disease is believed to be caused by a toxin, okadaic acid, which is produced by a microscopic bottom dwelling alga known as a dinoflagellate. These dinoflagellates are always present and producing this toxin, but runoff – primarily nitrogen and phosphorus – from land activities such as farming acts as fertilizer for the algae. Fibropapilloma does not directly cause death, but is instead responsible for the formation of tumors on the turtles. These tumors often form around the eyes and mouth of sea turtles

severely limiting their ability to locate and ingest food. Other fertilizing and toxic pollutants introduced into the ocean by man undoubtedly have an adverse affect on food sources of sea turtles. The dying off of turtle grass off the south coast of Florida is only one such example.

The End of Turtle Education

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To order your free action kit, please contact the
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TURTLE PARTS 8: SUBADULT AND ADULT

2011-11-28T10:00:00.000+07:00

The subadult stage of a sea turtle’s life lasts from the time they reach one year of age until they are capable of reproduction (adulthood) which may take 12 to 25 years depending on the species. Adult sea turtles are believed by some to live to be 90 years or more. Subadulthood appears to begin with the young turtles leaving the relative safety of the floating sea grasses.

At exactly what stage in their development the turtles abandon the grass drifts altogether is not certain, but their

increased rate of growth would suggest that it is during this time period. Food sources located within the grasses are not believed to be substantial enough to support the increased rate of growth exhibited during subadulthood. As the turtles begin this stage of their life they are about the size of a coffee cup saucer and grow to the size of a large Frisbee within 5 years. The turtles continue to grow at a rate that has some species reaching a mature size of over 125 centimeters in length and over 90 centimeters wide in just 7 additional years. To support this rapid rate of growth, the turtles must now begin migrating to feeding grounds located closer to shore.

What constitutes a suitable feeding ground depends on what species of sea turtle you are concerned with and what stage of development the turtle is at. Sea turtles feed on a wide variety of both pelagic (open ocean) and coastal water organisms as subadults and adults. Almost every type of crab imaginable and other crustaceans, tunacates, mollusks, jellyfishes and fish make their way into the stomach of a sea turtle. It seems that most species, except the green, have the same diet both as subadults and adults. The proportional amount of each type of foodstuff does change as the turtles grow older, but with greens this proportional change is drastic. They go from an omnivorous (both animal and plant matter) diet as subadults to a strictly herbivorous (plant matter) diet as adults, feeding on sea grasses and algae that grow in the shallow coastal flats of warm water regions. A great majority of the sea turtle’s life is spent in search of and consuming food. The remainder of their time is spent resting and migrating from feeding grounds to mating and nesting sites.

Subadult and adult sea turtles will generally rest at the surface of the water. They are also known to rest underwater, by lodging themselves under some sort of structure or digging themselves into the ocean floor. Exactly how long the turtles can remain under water resting is not known and most likely varies from species to species. However, it is known that most species can spend approximately 40 minutes underwater while swimming. With body functions slowed, it seems logical to presume that turtles can remain submerged longer than 40 minutes when they are resting. The amount of time spent resting can not be too great, because sea turtles migrate such great distances.

Distances covered by sea turtles migrating between feeding grounds and mating and nesting sites can be greater than 6,000 miles. They often traverse entire oceans. Swimming such distances shows incredible stamina and an even greater navigational ability. The turtle’s ability to locate these sites for mating and nesting is truly incredible and not yet fully understood. It is presently believed that the turtles use a combination of physical markers, mineral imprinting and some sort of biological directing device to find these areas again. Further research into this subject will hopefully solve this mystery. Now that the turtles have migrated this far, it is time for mating to commence.

Just prior to mating the turtles begin congregating en masse in waters adjacent to their nesting beach. This three or four week period, before the female first emerges to nest, is believed to be the only time that she is receptive to mating. Females generally mate with several males during this period of time. This ensures that the eggs will be fertilized by several males and likely assists in keeping the genetic diversity high within the population.

Before mating can actually occur the male must first court the female. Courtship in sea turtles entails the nuzzling of heads and the playful biting of the back of the females' neck and rear flippers by the male. If the love bites and nuzzles do not chase the female away, the male will attach himself to the carapace (top shell) of the female using claws that protrude from his front flippers. Copulation (sexual intercourse) occurs once the male wraps his long tail, which only the males have, under the female pressing it against her plastron (bottom shell). This sperm is then stored by the female to be used to fertilize the eggs that she shall lay 2 to 3 years later. Copulation can occur either underwater or at the surface.

TURTLE PARTS 7: OBSTACLES FOR HATCHLINGS

2011-11-28T01:49:00.000+07:00

Artificial lights, predators, and pollution can all be fatal to turtle tots. When people place lights on or near a sea

turtle nesting beach they can create a situation in which the horizon of the ocean is no longer the most brightly lit area, and this causes the hatchlings to become disoriented. This disorientation can lead to the demise of baby turtles.

Crawling in the wrong direction into nearby roads and parking lots, where cars then inadvertently crush them, or into dense vegetation, where they become entangled or completely lost in the vegetation, are just a few of the problems that lights may cause for the hatchlings. Lights may also cause a hatchling to crawl around aimlessly on the beach all night until they succumb to exhaustion or the heat of the following day's sun, which dries them out.

Natural lights such as star, moon and sunlight can cause disorientation problems as well, but this occurs very infrequently and even less frequently causes death. Natural light, primarily moonlight reflecting from a tide pool, may cause a hatchling to crawl along the beach instead of directly down the beach. But, it does not attract the hatchling to crawl landward instead of seaward as artificial light so often does. Any unnecessary crawling around, whether caused by artificial or natural light, makes the tiny turtles more vulnerable to predators. There are many predators lurking in the dark waiting to pounce on them and even more if the emergence occurs during daylight hours.

The 2 to 7 day period during which hatchlings are still in the nest completing absorption of their yolk is a very

dangerous time for them. Their movement within the nest brings the hatchlings existence to the attention of many predators such as ants, ghost crabs, raccoons, opossums, coyotes and dogs. If the hatchlings are not discovered inside of the nest, all of these predators as well as night herons are waiting to grab them on their journey to the ocean. Should their emergence from the nest occur during the day, the hatchlings are safe from the nocturnal (night) predators, but they still must contend with ants, ghost crabs, the sun’s heat, which can quickly dry them out, and the swarming hordes of shorebirds that can now easily pick them off the beach. Making it to the sea is no easy task for the hatchlings and life does not get any easier once they reach their aquatic home.

Just about any fish that can open its mouth large enough to swallow a hatchling will do so. Grouper, snapper and sea bass are notorious for gobbling down the bite-size turtles. Sea bass have even been known to congregate offshore from a nesting beach waiting for the hatchlings to come into the water. Marauders from the sky are after the little guys as well. Hatchlings are buoyant and do not yet possess the strength to dive more than a few feet below the surface of the water. This limitation makes them easy targets for sea birds as they swoop down to prey upon the hatchlings. Avoiding all of these fish and birds will land a hatchling in sea grasses floating in warm offshore currents, where they are less susceptible to predators. But, predators are not the only obstacles that the hatchlings must avoid in the water. Pollution must also be avoided.

Plastics and congealed oil floating in the water can be mistaken for jellyfish or comb jellies, which are common food sources for the hatchlings. If these items are ingested by a hatchling they can result in death. Various kinds of marine debris, such as monofilament fishing line, can entangle hatchlings. This entanglement can greatly limit their ability to collect food, avoid predators, and may even cause injury, as the hatchling grows larger.

TURTLE PARTS 6: HATCHLINGS

2011-11-25T02:45:00.000+07:00

For the first twelve months following a sea turtle’s emergence from its shell, it is known as a hatchling. Life is a struggle for hatchlings from the very beginning. The first turtles in a nest to emerge from their shells find themselves buried in the beach with a varying number of other turtles and the remaining eggs that have yet to hatch. These little turtles spend the next 2 to 7 days completing the absorption of their yolk and probably waiting on some of the remaining turtles to break out of their shells, before they can emerge from the nest. In order for a hatchling to successfully emerge from the nest, they must have the assistance of some of their nest mates.

Through a cooperative effort the turtles slowly fill with sand the additional space they created by emerging from their eggshells. By flinging their small flippers about they cause the sand above and along the sides of the nest to shift towards the bottom of the nest cavity. Moving the sand about in such a fashion raises the tiny turtles ever closer to the surface until they finally breach the surface of the sand and emerge from the nest.

On rare occasions all of the turtles emerge from the nest simultaneously. But, usually they emerge from the nest on consecutive nights in groups of varying sizes until all the hatchlings – except a few stragglers too weak to make it – have emerged from the nest. Emergence from the nest occurs mostly at night, generally after midnight. This is most likely due to the cooling of the surface sand that occurs during the non-daylight hours and is an indicator to the hatchlings of a preferable time to emerge from their nest.

Once the 6-centimeter long hatchlings have emerged from the nest, they now have to crawl down the beach to the sea. Depending on the level of the tide, this can either be a short crawl or a long exhausting crawl. Hatchlings orient themselves to the sea by visual brightness clues. Under natural conditions the ocean horizon is the brightest area that the hatchling can see following emergence from the nest and will subsequently start crawling towards the sea. Making their way to the ocean successfully appears to be made easier if there are other hatchlings present.

The occurrence of disorientation and the period of time spent resting by a hatchling on their way to the sea decreases when there is a group of them headed for the ocean. They assist one another in maintaining the correct direction and stimulate others to keep moving by bumping into each other. As the hatchlings crawl they use their front flippers in an alternating motion to pull themselves down the beach. This practice immediately changes to a simultaneous motion of the flippers when the hatchlings come in contact with the surf.

Swimming is what the hatchlings are now prepared to do and must do. Waves are the first water they must navigate on their way to offshore currents. It could be as far as 40 or more miles until these currents are reached, but refuge from the open sea and food awaits the hatchlings here. Sargasso grass, also known as turtles grass, and other sea weeds floating in these warm currents provide cover from predators and house various food sources that will nourish the hatchlings during their first year of existence. Little to nothing else is known for certain about the behavior of sea turtles during this first, or so called lost, year of their life.

TURTLE PARTS 5: OBSTACLES DURING INCUBATION

2011-11-24T03:34:00.000+07:00

The obstacles to the successful incubation of a clutch of sea turtle eggs are many, and can be present from the moment the mother deposits them in the nest. If the mother does not choose a nesting site above the full moon (spring) tide level, then the eggs are likely to experience a level of seawater inundation that would halt their development. Storm tides may push the water level up to points that would inundate nests that under normal conditions would be safe. Storms can also bring excessive amounts of rain, and thus inundate the nest with fresh water. Winds from storms can cause the surface sand to be shifted and expose the nest to higher temperatures halting incubation. It is not uncommon for seasonal storms to take a heavy toll on sea turtle nests. They often wash entire nests away, leaving no trace.

The mother may also deposit the eggs in an area of heavy vegetation. This can place the eggs at risk of being penetrated by the roots of plants or the nest being shaded by plants to the point where the optimal incubation temperature can not be maintained. Placement of the nest by the mother in an area of high foot traffic, both human and non-human, can cause the surface sand of the nest to become so compacted that the hatchlings (baby turtles) are not able to emerge from the nest even after a successful incubation period. The choice of a
suitable nesting site high enough up on the beach, away from vegetation and foot traffic does not ensure that the eggs will make it to term though. There is a plethora of predators that are waiting to prey upon the eggs in the nest.

Terrestrial (land) predators of sea turtle eggs come in all sizes and are persistent. It seems that almost every creature that inhabits the coast in substantial numbers is out to get turtle eggs. Ants, maggots, beetles, raccoons, pigs, dogs, coyotes, opossums, monkeys, badgers, jaguars, skunks, lizards, ghost crabs, vultures, humans, and others that have yet to be well documented, are all pilferers of sea turtle nests. Some of these predators will ravage the entire nest, while others are only capable of predating a few of the eggs. All of them have the ability to disturb the incubation of the nest and decrease the percentage of eggs that will hatch.

The eggs are most vulnerable to predators during the two to three days that follow their deposition into the nest. During this period the clues as to the existence of the nest are most noticeable to predators. In some instances, the predator may not even wait for the eggs to be placed into the nest before they start enjoying them. Once oviposition (releasing of eggs) has begun, the mother is seemingly oblivious to what is going on around her, and will not cease nesting. Any opportunistic predators can simply wait behind the mother and catch the eggs as she attempts to deposit them into the nest. Raccoons and humans are the predators' best known for this behavior.

Poaching of eggs by humans is still a common occurrence in countries where sea turtles nest, including the U.S. The turtle eggs are a good source of protein, but often times they are needlessly sold in bars as a novelty shot or used in the baking of fine pastries. Poaching certainly claims the most turtle eggs, but other human activities and pollution can cause harm to turtle eggs as well.

Many human activities on and near beaches are detrimental to sea turtle eggs during incubation. Beach renourishment is one such activity. This practice of taking sand from offshore and dumping it onto the beach can cause many difficulties in the incubation of turtle eggs. Any nest placed on a beach that was being renourished would more than likely be disturbed by the heavy equipment used to move the sand around or never complete incubation. The nests that were not destroyed would subsequently be buried too deeply by the additional sand to complete incubation. If by chance the eggs did successfully incubate, the hatchlings would stand very little chance of ever emerging from the nest due to its distance from the surface.

Renourished sand is not the same as beach sand. The sizes of the sand grains are different, and thus have different heat retention capabilities. Renourished sand grains can alter the temperature at which the eggs incubate, with possible negative effects to the prevailing sex ratio. This can result in a population of adult turtles with too many females or males. The minerals and pollutants found in beach sand and renourished sand are also different. Renourished sand tends to contain more heavy metals. Due to the permeability of sea turtles’ eggshells, these heavy metals, and additional pollutants from land runoff that collect in offshore sediment, can be absorbed into the egg and have a detrimental effect on the development of turtle embryos.

TURTLE PARTS 4:EGGS IN THE NEST

2011-11-23T01:26:00.000+07:00

A mother sea turtle will deposit an average of 100 eggs per nest. The eggs, like all reptile eggs, have a leathery

shell that is permeable. The leathery shell allows the eggs to withstand the impact of being dropped from their mother into the nest. The permeability of the shell allows the eggs to be able to absorb oxygen during incubation, which on the average takes 55 days. The amount of time it takes for the eggs to incubate is temperature dependent. The gender of the baby turtle is also dependent on the temperature at which the eggs incubate. The optimum incubation temperature range is between 24 and 31 degrees Celsius, and it takes the presence of other eggs in the clutch to assist in maintaining this temperature. Eggs in the nest that incubate at a temperature near the high end of the temperature range will be females. Eggs in the nest that incubate at a temperature near the low end of the temperature range will be males. Thus, eggs that are located in the middle of the nest will probably be females and eggs located along the edges, top and bottom of the nest will most likely be males. Since the presence of the other eggs assist in maintaining the ambient temperature of the nest, thus increasing hatching success, and the gender of the babies is not determined until during incubation, it is imperative that a majority of the eggs remain undisturbed during this time. But, this is not the case for many of the eggs due to a whole array of circumstances.

TURTLE PARTS 3:OBSTACLES TO NESTING

2011-11-22T02:22:00.000+07:00

Unlike many tortoises and aquatic turtles, sea turtles do not have the ability to withdraw their bodies into their shells. This limitation makes them vulnerable to many land- based predators while nesting. Creatures such as jaguars, lions, hyenas, coyotes, wild dogs and man prey on them as they emerge from the sea to nest. In addition to these predators, there are various other obstacles that the mother may encounter while attempting to nest. Beach development is one common obstacle.

Development along sea turtles nesting beaches can deter a female from nesting. Along with the building of houses, hotels and resorts come people and lights. If, as the mother emerges from the sea to nest, she detects people near by, or artificial lights, such as porch lights, or even beachcombers carrying flashlights, illuminating a beach, she may turn right around and go back without nesting. Items such as beach chairs, tents and canopies, and small boats left on the beach that the nesting mother could literally run into can cause her to return to the sea also. The repetitive occurrence of any of these events could possibly lead to the mother releasing her clutch of eggs into the sea, where they have no chance of developing into baby sea turtles. Alteration of nesting beaches can also be an obstacle to nesting for a sea turtle.

Construction of structures such as sea walls to slow the erosion of the beach can prevent the mother from locating a suitable place to deposit her eggs. Wave action along beaches with sea walls causes the sand to become more compacted. When a sea turtle attempts to nest in such a location they find the sand too hard to excavate a nest in. Jetties, walls constructed out into the ocean with the intention of slowing erosion, and the dredging and deepening of shipping channels also alters sand distribution along beaches. This creates a situation in which a beach that was once a suitable nesting site for sea turtles is no longer suitable due to increased erosion or accretion of beach sand. Renourished beaches also show a decrease in the number of nests. This could be due to several factors, but is thought to be due mainly to the changes in the physical characteristics of the beach and mineral content of the beach sand that take place when offshore sand is pumped up onto a nesting beach.

TURTLE PARTS 2:NESTING

2011-11-21T03:19:00.000+07:00

Sea turtles, like other reptiles, begin their life as an egg. The mother sea turtle, after reaching maturity between 12 to 25 years of age, returns to her natal beach to lay her eggs. How the mother finds this beach again is still something of a mystery. Under cover of darkness she drags her cumbersome body, which is specially adapted to life at sea with flippers instead of legs, onto the beach, and locates a suitable nesting site out of reach of the seawater. She now has the exhausting task of excavating a nest. The mother turtle will first construct a shallow body pit using her front flippers. Then with an alternating motion of her rear flippers, she will scoop sand out of and then brush sand away from her nest. She continues this motion until her flippers can reach no further and she is left with a flask- shaped nest just the right size to house her clutch of eggs.

After the mother has completed depositing her eggs in the sand, she will cover them, disguise the nest by spreading sand about the nest, and return to the sea. Mature females, depending on the species, will repeat this process up to 8 times in a single nesting season, with approximately 10 to 14 days between nesting. Nesting is not an annual event for a single female sea turtle, but instead she participates in this activity every 2 to 3 years. This is the standard nesting scenario for most species of sea turtles except the olive and Kemp's ridley. They follow the same steps in the actual deposition of the eggs into the sand, but ridleys place their own little twist to the nesting game. It's called La Arribada, which is Spanish for the arrival.

Instead of spacing out their nesting over several months, ridleys complete the majority of their nesting activity during a nesting frenzy over the course of a few days. The Kemp's are unusual in that they are the only sea turtle to nest during the day. At the height of an arribada the entire nesting beach is covered with females carrying out the age-old ritual of depositing their offspring into the sand. This event is an annual one for the turtles, but one that no longer occurs in many places. There are only five known sites of olive ridley arribadas on the Pacific coast of Central America and only one for the Kemp's ridley at Rancho Nuevo, Mexico, on the Gulf of Mexico.

TURTLE PARTS 1:SEA TURTLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2011-11-20T03:15:00.001+07:00

200 million years. This is how far back fossil records can trace the existence of sea turtles. Fossil records also tell us that today's modern species appeared between 60 and 100 million years ago. Leatherback, loggerhead, green, hawksbill, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley and Australian flatback are the seven species of sea turtles recognized by most scientists today. Of these seven species, five (leatherback, loggerhead, green, hawksbill, and Kemp's ridley) can be found nesting or migrating along the coast of North America. All species of sea turtles are listed as endangered, except the loggerhead, which is listed as threatened and endangered depending on the sub-population. The sea turtle's unusual life cycle has ensured the livelihood of these gentle creatures for these millions of years in spite of all the natural obstacles that the turtles encounter along the way. Only in the recent past has the irresponsible actions of human beings threatened their survival.

Contained within, you will find a brief description of the various stages of the sea turtles life along with the threats to their survival in each stage. Following this, you will find short answer/discussion questions designed to increase your understanding of the sea turtles plight and what actions you and your students can take to help ensure their survival.

SEARCHLIGHT SONAR FOR PURSE SEINERS AND TRAWLERS

2011-11-17T11:34:00.001+07:00

The horizontal beam covers 360° around the vessel and can be tilted from +10° up to -90° down. When tilting, the total beam picture can be compared with folding an umbrella, which means that all beams in 360° around the vessel have the same tilt angle.

The vertical beam covers a 180° vertical slice under the vessel. This is useful for visualizing the vertical distribution of the school of fish.The vertical beam can be trained to any bearing around the vessel.

The horizontal and vertical beams gives an optimal view of the catch situation. This is because the school of fish can be seen from above and from the side. In that way, it is not necessary to go over the target to see the vertical distribution on the echo-sounder.

When the optional beam stabilizer is activated, both the horizontal and vertical beams will be electronically stabilized for roll and pitch movements up to ±20°. The full circle beam will then stay on the target independent of the vessel movement. This secures optimal target contact even in rough seas.

TYPES OF FISHING VESSELS

2011-11-17T11:22:00.001+07:00

Coastal fishing vessels

Trawlers / Purse seiners

Ocean going fishing vessels

Inshore fishing vessels

Lights, Camera, Environmental Action

2010-01-27T00:19:00.000+07:00

The energy needed to produce a can of soda is the same as that needed to burn a 100-watt light bulb for 21 hours. The annual volume of garbage produced in Jakarta is equal in volume to 185 temples the size of Borobudur. In Canada, about four barrels of clean water are polluted for every one barrel of oil exported to its neighbor, the United States.

The facts are there, but not a lot of people know about them.

There are many ways to send what some feel is a crucial message about the necessity of conservation and more environmentally friendly practices. To this end, a coalition of 10 nongovernmental organizations in Indonesia has decided to send the message through film, with the 2010 South to South Film Festival, or StoS.

StoS’s publications officer, Abdul Halim, who’s also a member of the Fisheries Justice Coalition, said: “We’re hoping for the rise of new hope in society to push the government, and to show that the people have done their part. We don’t have to stage a demonstration to make a change, we can do it in a fun way.”

Taking place from Friday to Sunday at Goethe Haus and CCF Jakarta, both in Central Jakarta, StoS will screen 23 productions from around the world that examine climate change and other environmental concerns. These movies seek to understand and raise awareness of what is at the root of these issues, and how they affect the earth and the human race.

Ferdinand Rachim, the chairman of the biannual festival, described the theme as “the environment and its relevant complexities,” which includes issues such as women’s suffrage, consumerism, poverty and human rights.

The movies are mainly documentaries, but there are also works of fiction and animated films in the festival. The films range from less than 10 minutes long to feature length.

StoS programmer Dimas Jayasrana said that in selecting the films, organizers focused on content rather than artistry and presentation. At the same time, he said, the movies chosen are “interesting” and not “cliched.”

The festival opens with “Anak-Anak Lumpur” (“Children of the Mud”) and “The Age of Stupid.”

“Anak-Anak Lumpur” is a documentary focusing on the lives of children who have been affected by the Lapindo mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo, East Java, which began in 2006.. The latter is a quasi-documentary about a man living in 2055 who looks back and examines the different disasters and environmental damage the human race was responsible for, all of which ultimately led to the death of mankind.

“[‘Anak-Anak Lumpur’] represents one of the most important issues in Indonesia,” Dimas said. “I personally chose this film so that viewers realize the problem has not been solved.”

Dimas described “The Age of Stupid” as a film that “depicts social, environmental, economic and political issues, and the connections between them, while bringing up a lot of questions for the audience.”

Siti Maemunah, a festival committee member, said StoS was also about addressing the so-called North-South divide, a social, economic and political division between developed and developing countries.

“StoS provides a portrait of the problems that take place in the South, where the countries are rich in natural resources but suffer from poverty,” said Siti, who is also a member of the Mining Advocacy Network.

“There’s a scarcity of information about where [consumer products] come from, and how much the exploitation of natural resources actually costs,” Siti said.

An example of this is seen in “Tambogrande: Mango, Mining and Murder,” she said. This documentary looks at the fate of a mango farm in Peru that works to improve the welfare of surrounding residents, and how it is threatened with destruction when gold is discovered in the land beneath the farm.

Siti said by highlighting such issues and disseminating information through movies, StoS hoped to help people realize that they are generally the final consumers of natural resources.

Siti said people needed to “know about these issues and to be more responsible in their lifestyles.”

Although a film may not necessarily be the ultimate instrument of change, festival programmer Dimas said that movies could play an important role.

“I don’t never believe that a film can bring change [on its own],” he said. “A film can help initiate change, but it has to work with other things, such as a movement, for example. Change is a combination of discourse and action.”

As part of the festival, StoS has come up with a number of programs to allow the public to work toward change, including documentary filmmaking competitions, and a traveling road show that will visit high schools in Greater Jakarta to engage students in discussions about the environment.

Organizers said they hoped that the festival would encourage the public to put pressure on the government to address environmental and social issues with more urgency.

Ferdinand said the government had so far failed to deal with these issues.

“The pattern must be changed, the industries, the governments and the people themselves must change their way of thinking,” he said.

By: Armando Siahaan

Illegal Fishing Potentially Increase 40%

2010-01-26T01:06:00.000+07:00

Maritime surveillance Dipangkasnya budget in 2010 has the potential to increase illegal fishing (illegal fishing) up to 40% from a year ago.

"Trimming the budget to reduce the impact of marine monitoring activities, including boat patrols on the number of supervisors," said Director General of Supervision and Control of the Ministry of Marine Resources and Fisheries (KP) Aji told the newspaper Investor Daily Sularso in Jakarta, Wednesday (20 / 1).

Monitoring budget reductions were associated with the Ministry KP efforts to restructure the allocation of funds from the State Revenues and Expenditures (Budget) 2010. These budget cuts will impact negatively, because the number of days that cruise ships previously supervisors reduced to 180 days 100 days.

"Supervision is potentially less fostered illegal fishing. In fact, according to records the Food and Agriculture Organization of the World (FAO), the potential losses due to illegal fishing Indonesia reached Rp 30 trillion per year, "he explained.

Meanwhile, members of the House of Representatives Commission IV Khaeron Herman requested that the Ministry KP unhurried reallocating its budget by cutting funds for supervision. Ministry for KPs should find a solution by discussing with the House.

"Reallocation budget should be discussed first with the House. To close the budget shortage, the Ministry Hopefully KP can earn additional funds through the Budget Change (APBNP) 2010, "he said.

According to him, APBNP will be completed by April 2010 or accelerated from the original schedule from September to October next. Therefore, the study of the problem must be done in order to fund for maritime surveillance can be satisfied.

"When the House approved the addition of the proposed budget of Rp 485.41 billion for the Directorate General of Supervision Ministry of KP through APBNP, marine monitoring work targets can be achieved. Ship supervisor can re-operate for 180 days in 2010, "he said.

Grants Ship

Aji optimistic, if the budget is not cut, work targets Supervision Directorate of the Ministry of WR 2010 can be achieved. Targets include actors caught illegal fishing vessels (foreign flagged or Indonesia) a minimum of 150 units, auctioning at least 50 foreign fishing vessels for the country, and the granting of about 30 boats to the fishermen illegally.

In 2009, the Ministry KP captured 203 foreign vessels in Indonesian waters, which has 35 of them drowned. "There are 14 ships owned by China's businessmen who were arrested, the size of 300 gross tons (GT). Value of about USD 500-600 billion, "he said.

In addition, the Ministry KP catch many smaller ships owned by Vietnamese and Thai businessmen.

Restrict Foreign Ex Ship

According to members of the House of Representatives Commission IV Siswono Yudo Husodo, illegal fishing in Indonesian waters are still happening today. He also asked the Ministry of KP to be more careful in providing fishing permits, primarily to ship from China.

"There are many ships were given permission even though the activity is suspect, because the ship was used to conduct illegal fishing. We specifically requested the Ministry for KPs to check again the ship that had been given permission, especially those purchased from China, "he said.

He got the information, the export of marine and fisheries of Indonesia to China reached 30 million tons a year. While imports from the Bamboo Curtain country of 1 million tons.

"It could be, marine and fishery products imported from China that was the catch of the territory of Indonesia. I suspect the flood of fishery products into Indonesia China associated with illegal fishing practices here, "he explained.

Meanwhile, Director General of Capture Fisheries Ministry for KPs Dedy H Sutisna said, since 2007, it was no longer give permission for foreign fishing vessels operating in Indonesia by using the flag country. However, employers who buy foreign ships and operate with the Indonesian flag was given fishing licenses.

"But, starting in 2010, we plan to stop the import of all foreign ships. This step aims to help control illegal fishing practices. So far, many problems arise related to ship imports, because they still do though illegal fishing has been flagged Indonesia, "he said.

Source: Investor Daily newspaper, Thursday, January 21, 2010

SHIP DESCRIPTION

2010-01-22T00:17:00.000+07:00

According to Presidential Decree number 51 of 2002; The ship is a vehicle with water and form any kind, which is driven by mechanical power, wind power, or postponed, including a powerful vehicle dynamic support, the vehicle under the water, and floating equipment and floating buildings that are not moving. According to Decree No. KEP. Fishing Ship is 02/MEN/2002 ship or boat or other floating equipment used to make fishing including surveys or exploration of marine.

Classification of fishery vessel size, shape, speed and construction is determined by the designated fishing vessels. Similarly, the catcher boats, each with their own characteristics, size, shape, speed and different equipment.

Fishing boats are generally composed of: fishing vessels, catch Results carrier ship, Ship Survey, Ship Train and Ship Fisheries Supervisor

1. Hooker
Fish catcher ship is a ship specially constructed and used to catch fish in accordance with the tentacle and fishing techniques used include manampung, storing and preserving.

2. Carrier Ship Catch Results
Haul freighter ship that was specially constructed, equipped with a special palkah used to collect, store, preserve and transport the fish.

3. Survey Ship
Survey ship is a ship specially constructed to perform activities of fisheries and marine surveys.

4. Ships Practice
The ship is trained specially constructed ship for the training of fishing

5. Supervisory Fishery Ship
Fisheries surveillance ship is a ship specially constructed for monitoring the activities fishing boats

Source: www.bangzabar.com

Definition Purse Seine

2010-01-13T04:10:00.000+07:00

Purse Seine is also called "net ring" because the fishing equipment is equipped with a ring for which the "rope ring" or "strap lines" in lalukan in it. The function ring and the rope lines / rope drawstring is important especially at the net operating time. Because with these lines of rope nets that had no pockets will be formed at each end of the arrest.
Principle caught with purse seine fishing is by circling a bunch of fish with nets, after which the net bottom cone constrained, thus the fish collected in the bag. In other words, reducing the scope of the motion of fish. The fish can not escape and finally caught. Eye function and net net is a wall barriers, and not as a rodent fish.
Purse seine in Japan can be categorized as follows:

1) One Boat Horse Sardine Purse Seine
2) Two Boat Sardine Purse Seine
3) One Boat Horse Mackerel and Mackerel Purse Seine
4) Two Boat Horse Mackerel and Mackerel Purse Seine
5) One Boat Skipjack and Tuna Purse Seine
6) Two Boat skipjack and Tuna Purse Seine

Of the six types of purse seine on the no (2), (3), (5) is a purse seine is widely used.

Real Climate Threat Continues

2010-01-10T23:34:00.002+07:00

Following the results of the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Danish, Copenhagen Agreement form is not satisfactory, the threat of climate change for the real Indonesia. To minimize the impact, Indonesia should be independent. In addition, Indonesia in international forums in the future must be more active along with other developing countries.

So, among other things, summaries of interviews conducted with Compass Chairman of Indonesian Peasant Union which is also the General Coordinator of La Via Campesina, Henry Saragih, and Secretary General of the People's Coalition for Justice Riza Damanik Fisheries in Jakarta, Sunday (20/12/2009) .

Meanwhile, the head of the Secretariat of National Council on Climate Change confirms Agus Purnomo, Indonesia has determined no longer to do the conversion of forest into palm oil plantations. In addition, the agreement of cooperation programs which includes the principle of monitoring, reporting, and verification (MR), it is still being done on the basis of the agreement concerned countries.

Approval generated Copenhagen in Copenhagen, last Saturday, by them called, among other things, a solution that is misleading (false solution) to the threat of global climate change, also be an instrument of control and strengthen the position of industrial countries to trick developing countries and such as the Indonesian archipelago.

In the Copenhagen agreement contained no commitment to industrial countries to reduce emissions in large numbers, but only an agreement to keep the average increase in Earth's temperature does not exceed 2 degrees Celsius compared to the era of industrial revolution (about 250 years ago).

However, there was born a number of agreements in the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperation (AWG-LCA) which of them is a voluntary action related to the efforts of developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among them are schemes Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) from the countries belonging to the forest owners in the Forest-11 (F-11) with Indonesia as the initiator. In addition, switching to agrofuel policies to reduce use of fossil fuels and the removal of the use of pesticides that were replaced with genetically engineered organisms (genetically modified Organism / GMO).

Henry asserted, for agrofuel, for example, Indonesia would expand palm oil plantations are now the extent of 7 million hectares to 19 million hectares. "If this is done, it will exacerbate global warming," he said. Oil palm plantations votes so greedy, so the water will result in desertification, while changes in land use will release carbon emissions in large numbers. "It is not true that there will be expansion of oil palm plantations. With the expansion only 7 million hectares of oil palm plantations are the largest we have, "said AgusPurnomo. "Figures from where it was? In government documents so far it does not exist. If there is, we will correct, "he said.

According to Henry and also Riza, in the future, in order to reduce emissions to help Indonesia and the global situation, the role of national states must be enlarged and Indonesia should be independent. In the agricultural sector, Indonesia is better to develop family-based agriculture than dragging on the world that tends to flow in the agricultural industry. According to Henry, the agricultural sector, emissions from the entire process, from transportation, pesticide industry, and so on greenhouse gas emissions to reach 47-57 percent of total emissions.

"If the industry made, there already exists a large corporation that will supply agricultural GMOs. This does not reduce emissions. The result also meant for export which require transportation, which means emissions, "he said.

With a family-based agriculture, he added, because the fertilizer industry decreased use of organic fertilizers, while agricultural output is for the local market, not international. "This is far more effective to reduce global warming," he said. The last ten years the dry season was about eight months of the usual six months.

Riza emphasized that Indonesia must make one's way forward by focusing on the stabilization of the national industry, including the governance of natural resources, increase protection for vulnerable communities, such as fishermen, by issuing weather information in a sustainable and affordable by the fishermen, and also an insurance issue (climate) is free of charge as a token of appreciation and motivation for our fishermen to continue fishing.

According to Riza, as revealed Henry, "Indonesia does not necessarily follow the flow of global trade by sending raw materials for industrial use in developed countries." "What should be strengthened is the domestic industry," he said. In the marine sector, Riza said, the government should be aware, the impact of climate change has an impact on fishermen, among others, by reducing the number of fishermen from around 4 million people in 2003 lived about 3 million people in 2008. In addition, abrasion and flooding also be going on.

Fishermen income side is now down 50 percent. From research in Tarakan (East Kalimantan), Wakatobi (Central Sulawesi), and the Bay of Jakarta, "In the last five years the fish catch dropped an average of 100 pounds per two people per trip dropped to 40-50 kilograms per two people per trip. Revenue fell from Rp 300,000 per two people per trip to $ 150,000 per two people per trip, "said Riza. Now fish from capture fisheries aquaculture compared to almost 50:50. "Once when 80 percent of marine fishing," he said.

Due to extreme climate and fewer fish resources due to global warming, "Women work so had to go into stripper shells or other work," he said. Henry and Riza agree, the Conference of the Parties to the 16th UN Climate Change Conference in Mexico next year, "Indonesia must build coalitions with developing countries to deal with industrial countries to further develop the local industry.

Sumber:http://www.docstoc. com/docs/ 19902940/ Real-Climate- threat-continues

Primary arrest of trawl gear rings, Rawai Tuna, Shrimp trawl and fish trawl

2009-12-24T02:08:00.001+07:00

Primary arrest of trawl gear ring

Consists of the string puller tool lines (purse line) known as the purse winch, net penghibob tools (power block), retainer ring (ring stripper) goddesses Purse seine (Purse davits).

Purse-driven winch general, using hydraulic power Hereinafter well controlled manually or automatically. Winch is composed of two main drum that serves as a capstan purse line.

Power block consists of a grooved keeping material coated with rubber (rubber) is to facilitate penghiboban Jarring.

Primary equipment Rawai Catching Tuna

Consists of main towing line tool known as the Line Hauler, roller branch line (branch Winder), stylist tools rope (line arranger), loncing release tool (line Thrower) and the side roller.

Line Hauler driven either by electric or hydraulic system. Hauler line consists of two blocks and the wheel pressure. One block to function as attractants and only blocks sebgaia conductor. Wheel pressure line serves pressing play on the player to block the rope does not slip.

Winder Branch or Branch Ace driven by electricity that serves as a branch line roller

Side roller mounted on top that can bulkwark freely rotating horizontally. This tool serves as a roller-conductor line cord to the Hauler to the rope does not rub against the vessel wall. Side roller consists of two upright roller and a roller and flat, they can spin freely

Line arranger driven by electric or hydraulic power in the pairs of main storage box above the line (line boxes) on the tuna boat rawai box system.

Primary equipment Catching Shrimp trawl

Consists of towing warp tool known as trawling winch, a pair of side boom (out rigger).

Trawling winch besides functioning as pengarea and penghibob warp, lifting cod end can also function as a cargo winch or other jobs to lift heavy loads.

Boom side serves as a drag when stage towing warp, and while the otter board hanging on the preparation stage setting and hauling.

Primary equipment Catching Fish trawl

Consists of towing warp tool known as trawling winch, a pair of Gallows.

Trawling winch besides functioning as pengarea and penghibob warp, lifting cod end can also function as a cargo winch or other jobs to lift heavy loads. Winch generally consists of two rollers and pengarea warp and a drum that serves interesting part, especially the fish trawl cod end to the lump.

A pair of Gallows pole mounted on the back that serves as conductor of warp block to the winch of the tool during trawl fishing operations.

Fisheries, Fishers Rights and Climate Change

2009-12-22T23:53:00.000+07:00

Copenhagen, December 11th 2009. Southeast Asia Fish for Justice (SEAFish) network, Tambuyog development Center (Philippines) , Levende-hav (Denmark), KIARA-Fisheries Justice Coalition (Indonesia), Centre for Marinelife Conservation and Community Development (Vietnam) have concluded the Fisheries, Fishers Rights and Climate Change forum and presents this statement in relation to UNFCCC COP 15 negotiations. It represents the views and solutions from small-scale fishers in the Southeast Asian region and Denmark.

We reiterate the demand that the developed countries led by the United States, EU, Japan, that have been mostly responsible for carbon and greenhouse gases emission should bear a corresponding historical responsibility for climate change in accordance with Article 3.1 of the United Nations Framework on Climate Change, and depletion of fish stock in Southeast Asia.

Developed countries should bear the cost of funding for climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and they should not be passed on as loans to be paid by the developing countries. We do not accept market-oriented “technofix” solutions to climate change problems such as carbon trading and offsets that pass on the burden of addressing climate change to the developing countries. We assert the following basic principles to guide the implementation of adaptation measures to climate change in coastal areas:

1. Respect for traditional and customary rights of fisherfolk and coastal communities to their fishing grounds

2. Recognition of the rights of fisherfolk and coastal communities to control and manage their fishing grounds

3. Recognition and taking into account of human-induced activities such as overfishing and ecologically harmful investments in coastal and marine areas that result in resource degradation and worsen the impacts of climate change in fisherfolk and coastal communities, as well as endangering their food security and physical security

4. Participation of the fisherfolk in building coastal community resilience to climate change and the adoption of local knowledge and capacities in efforts and measures toward this end

5. Regulation of fisheries trade and enhancement of domestic markets toward food security and building community resilience

Contact Persons, Copenhagen, Denmark

Dinna Umengan (Tambuyog, Philippines) +4552677740

Abdul Halim (KIARA, Indonesia) +4550597824

Knud Andersen (Living Sea, Denmark) +4520487421

Safety Equipment

2009-12-20T00:05:00.001+07:00

Safety equipment (safety equipment) is semyua safety equipment used only in emergencies related to human safety and / or ships. The number, type and completeness of safety equipment has been arranged by the safety regulations that refers to the provisions of Intergovernmental Maritime Organization (IMO) SOLAS through 1974. This regulation applies to all ships that were sailing well, anchor, fish, lean and docking). This equipment must be on board with a sufficient amount in accordance with the applicable and validated by the authorities.

Keselataman equipment is all equipment used for the crew (life jacket, immersion suit) to leave the ship (abandon ship) if the ship expressed by the danger of including lifeboat skipper, Life Raft, and the life raft). This safety equipment required on the ship and placed in places easily accessible and launched from the ship.

Jacket Helper (Life Jacket); is equipped with a special jacket floating equipment and signal (whistle) which is used by individuals. Satubuah minimum amount for a single person or according to applicable regulations.

Buoy helper (Life Ring) is a floating device that is used for example to help people fall into the sea. The tool is installed in each hull, easily accessible, should not be tied. One of a number of buoys are installed in each hull must be equipped with ropes and signal light that can burn automatically (usually in pairs beside the wheel of rooms)

Life Raft; Life Raft is a floating device that can float by itself. This tool is used when the ship was all the crew had to leave the ship (sinking or burning). The tool is installed in each hull with a special arrangement that can be launched easily or off by itself. The number and capacity-enter the Life Raft each hull must be able to accommodate the entire crew of the ship or refer to the applicable rules. Life Raft and should always be examined by experts and approved by the authorized

Raft Is a floating raft of safety is also required on board

Lifeboat is floating tool digunkanan to leave the ship. This boat is equipped machines, life support equipment, navigation, and communication. The lifeboat was placed on the davit must be released either mechanically or automatically.

Totally enclosed lifeboat is floating device used to leave the ship. This boat is equipped machines, life support equipment, navigation, and communication. The lifeboat was placed on the davit automatic sliding, where the crew of the ship into the boat prior to launch.

EQUIPMENT FISHING BOATS

2009-12-18T00:02:00.001+07:00

Fishing boats in general must have the equipment (mechanical and manual) either required by safety rules and required the ship in accordance with the type of activity. Equipment consists of the primary equipment and secondary equipment.
Primary equipment is all equipment required by ships ship safety rules and other equipment whose function can not be replaced by other equipment except in urgent circumstances, while the secondary equipment is all equipment recommended by the ship's safety rules and other working tools which functions can be replaced by equipment another. Equipment required by Kapa safety rules must have a certificate issued by PT. Classification Indonesia (PTKI) or entities other international certification.

In general, fishing vessels have the following equipment:
1. Equipment pengisyaratan
2. Navigation equipment
   a) Navigation lights
   b) Determination of Ship Position
3. Communications equipment
4. Rudder and setting equipment
5. Safety Equipment
   a) Equipment safety
   b) Fire Equipment
6. Equipment Dek
   a) Equipment lean labuh
   b) loading and unloading equipment
   c) Equipment catching fish

    * Supplies of fishing operations
    * Equipment handling of the fish
    * Equipment maintenance fishing gear

d) Equipment maintenance ship
7. Equipment Accommodation
   a) Equipment room accommodation
   b) Equipment sanitation
   c) kitchen equipment
   d) medical equipment
8. Engine Room Equipment

Certification Implementation Plan Results of Fish Catch

2009-12-17T00:11:00.002+07:00

In connection with the European Council Regulation No. 1005/2008 (IUU Regulation) dated 29 September 2008 which requires each product fishery catches from marine waters entering the EU market must be equipped with "Catch Certificate" (Certificate of Results of Fish Catch / SHTI), with this we submit the following:

1. Fish Catch Certification Results will came into effect on January 1, 2010 as stipulated

the European Council Regulation No. Over 1005/2008.

2. Indonesia (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries / DKP) has made various

preparatory steps, including meeting the requirements requested by the Commission

Europe to deliver notification to the EU DKP Officer. Hi this can be seen through

European Commission website (http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/external_relations/illegal_

fishing_en.htm).

3. Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries has designated the Director General of the Authority Fishing

Competent (Competent Authority) for the implementation of SHTI. For SHTI operations in the field,

Fishing Director General has designated 21 (twenty one) Head of the Harbor Fishing

Local Competent Authority that will validate certificates Results of Fish Catch.

4. If there are any questions related to the implementation of Certification Results of Fish Catch can

contact the Director General of Fishing up. Fisheries Port Director tel. (021) 3520728, Fax

(021) 3520728, Email: parlin.t @ gmail.com with a copy to the Director General of Processing and

Marketing of Fishery Products up. Overseas Marketing Director tel / fax (021) 3521977, Email:

trilateral_partnership@yahoo.com and eksporikan@gmail.com.

5. As has been explained through socialization and simulations that have been implemented in July

- September 2009 that for small-scale fishing vessels do not need to fill in Certificate Results

Catch fish, but the ICU / exporters to fill the certificate of fish catches has

simplified.

6. Certificate of Results Sample blank catch fish and other information can be found on the website DKP

(www.dkp.go.id, select Special Programs, select Seafood Indonesia).

Source:

Directorate General of P2HP

Indigenous Communities Are the Key to Climate Deal

2009-12-05T09:22:00.000+07:00

Indonesia has a lot to gain from a deal at Copenhagen on the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation scheme. But its hopes of being the poster child for REDD will not work without the inclusion and participation of the country’s indigenous communities, activists said.

Indonesia and other countries that stand to earn billions of dollars annually from REDD, such as Brazil and Congo, want the scheme to be part of any new treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol. While a new protocol is more likely to be agreed to next year rather than during Copenhagen, carbon credit sales through REDD could begin as early as 2013.

“But it is impossible to implement REDD if the country still does not include indigenous people’s rights at the negotiating table,” said Abdon Nababan, secretary general of Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago, a Jakarta-based organization.

Mina Susana Setra, the group’s director of international advocacy and foreign affairs, said they were demanding that any new agreement through the Long-Term Cooperative Action Working Group, which deals with mitigation efforts such as REDD, must adopt the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People as its framework. The group is also demanding “prior informed consent” about any carbon trading projects in forest lands where indigenous communities live, as well as involving them in any decision-making on policies related to their use.

Alliance officials said they were facing stiff resistance from some developed nations, in particular the United States, Canada and New Zealand, which have objected to including the UN declaration as part of any new agreements.

“Indonesia is the opposite of that, because we still acknowledge community rights here,” Adbon said. “We also have at least 50 to 70 million indigenous people out of 222 million people in this country. So, those voices should be taken into consideration.”

He said the central government, as well as local administrations, had little choice but to include indigenous communities in any plans to implement REDD if they wanted to avoid alienating them.

“Most intact forests in this country are managed by indigenous people, compared to the state forests, which have been mostly damaged through exploitation,” he said. “So, the government should realize that they need all the help they can get from indigenous people.”

Tri Tharyat, a senior official from the National Council on Climate Change, said indigenous people’s rights have always been part of their negotiation position. “But the biggest challenge is coming from the US, which strongly objects to including human rights in climate issues,” he said.

Furthermore, he said the UN declaration on indigenous people’s rights was not a legally binding document. He said the Indonesian government should incorporate articles to protect indigenous people’s rights in its national policies regarding REDD if there wasn’t an international agreement.

In addition, Riza Damanik, secretary general of the Fisheries Justice Coalition, warned against Indonesia’s oceans being included in any carbon trading scheme.

Last May, former Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Minister Freddy Numberi told the World Ocean Conference in Manado, North Sulawesi, that Indonesia’s oceans could absorb 66.9 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year and coastal areas an additional 245.6 million tons.

The statement drew sharp criticism from civil society groups, which accused the government of laying the groundwork to commercialize oceans and coastal areas for financial gain, while neglecting the welfare of traditional fishermen.

Adding to the debate, Alan Koropitan, an ocean expert from the Bogor Institute of Agriculture, said last week that Indonesia’s waters had much more potential to release carbon dioxide than absorb it, given that the country is tropical.

Safety Basics On Ship

2009-12-03T23:11:00.000+07:00

TYPES OF EMERGENCY

* Collision
* Reaction charge
* Fire - exploded
* Kandas
* Leakage
* Sink or inverted
* Pollution
* Damage control ship
* People fall into the sea

CAUSE
* Technical Factors
* Natural Factors
* Human Factors
* Sijil Emergency
* Place of assembly
* The duties of the crew
* Mark an alarm signal danger

Danger signals

* Eruption interval Â ± 1 minute.
* The sound is played continuously
* Flare red-light flare
* The signal morse code: S.O.S
* Phone radio signal: œMaydayâ € â €.
* A rectangular flag over the ball
* The flame on the ship
* Flare or hand smoke signal
* Outstretched arm raised down

Procedure Action? People Falling into the Sea
* Throw rescue buoy
* Screaming at the pavilion
* Note the position of victims

When Emergencies Happen
* Do not panic
* Immediately put on a vest or vest helper helper
* Gather appropriate emergency sijil
* Help the children, women, the elderly, the weak, sick or injured
* Follow the ship's crew

Facilities Safety
* Launching and embarkation Tools
* Tools pyrotechnic
* The aircraft escaped death
* Lifeboat rescue
* Private helper tool
* Other auxiliary equipment

Abandoning Ship? (Abandon Ship)
* Wait for the command captain
* Wear the clothes if possible
* Drink if there is a chance
* Use all safety equipment
* Make sure the conditions have been extremely dangerous
* Follow the ship's crew

Evacuation? The aircraft Miss Death
* Follow the instructions officers (see instructions launch procedure)
* Do not fight over
* Dahulukan children, women, the elderly, the weak, sick or injured

Evakuas? With Buoy Rescue
* The maximum height of 4.5 meters
* Consider water surface
* Throw buoy near the flip
* Jumping with my nose
* Wear a life vest according to directions for use

Evacuation? With Vest Helper
* The maximum height of 4.5 meters
* Consider water surface
* Jumping with my nose
* Do not immediately jump into the plane escaped death

Expert Blasts Indonesia's Focus on Ocean Carbon

2009-11-30T09:15:00.000+07:00

The government should stop spending so much of its time focusing on potential ocean carbon trading schemes because the jury is still out on whether the country’s waters absorb or emit carbon, an expert in the field said on Thursday.

“There has been a huge misunderstanding in the public at large that our oceans can absorb CO2 [carbon dioxide]. Contrary to that claim, much research has shown that Indonesia’s waters release carbon dioxide” instead of absorbing it, said Alan Koropitan, an ocean expert from the Bogor Institute of Agriculture (IPB).

In May this year, former Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Minister Freddy Numberi told the World Ocean Conference in Manado, North Sulawesi, that Indonesia’s oceans could absorb 66.9 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year and coastal areas could absorb an additional 245.6 million tons of carbon dioxide a year.

The statement drew sharp criticism from civil society groups, which accused the government of laying the groundwork to commercialize oceans and coastal areas for financial gain while neglecting the welfare of traditional fishermen.

Alan said while oceans do have the potential to absorb carbon dioxide, industrialization has rendered some unable to absorb the greenhouse gas, and those seas now release carbon dioxide into the air instead.

“In order to know whether oceans absorb or release carbon dioxide into the air we should consider the whole marine carbonate system, not just empirical methods, which should not be hastily implemented in Indonesia’s waters,” he said

The marine carbonate system is the system by which carbon passes from the atmosphere to the biosphere and oceans, and back again.

According to Alan, Indonesia’s waters have become a source of carbon dioxide rather than a storage resource because their temperature is much hotter than that of southern oceans.

“Much research has proven that southern oceans, which are subtropical, are a carbon sink because their temperature is cooler, while our water areas are tropical,” Alan said.

“So, it is very dangerous to claim that our oceans could absorb millions of tons of carbon dioxide annually,” he said.

Alan added that scientists were still debating whether oceans were able to sequester carbon dioxide and store it like growing forests do.

“The government should not have brought up the idea before scientists reached agreement on the issue. They should just focus on how to deal with rising sea levels and changes in weather patterns as a result of global warming,” he said.

Indonesian authorities seize 180 foreign ships in 2009

2009-11-29T09:20:00.001+07:00

A recent report issued by the Directorate General of Supervision and Control of marine resources and fisheries (P2SDKP) showed that 180 fishing vessels have been detained foreigners in 2009.

The operation, called Sustainable Oceans 2009 is supported four ships from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (DKP), five warships from the Army Navy, four ships from Polairud unity and a surveillance plane in the sea.

Operation and monitoring is done mainly in the area of Natuna and South China Sea. Most fishing vessels are arrested come from Thailand, Vietnam, China and Malaysia.

Director General P2SDKP Aji Sularso said that this rescue operation in state losses of about U.S. $ 75 million.

People's outlook for the Justice Coalition of Fisheries World Fisheries Day "Overcome Crisis, Make Justice Fisheries"

2009-11-23T12:46:00.000+07:00

TODAY, 21 November 2009, more than 6 billion inhabitants of the earth on the procedures to reflect their interaction with the availability of fishery resources and the global management model. At this historic moment, citizens of the world are faced with two crises that threaten the vast continuity of life. The crisis that was experienced by mankind are: first, food crisis, including the availability of fishery resources, which makes more than 1 billion citizens of the Earth suffered an acute hunger (FAO, 2009). In Southeast Asia, this crisis is a disaster. Imagine, with a wealth of different food sources, the Southeast Asian region actually exposed to food shortages and malnutrition is twice as large compared to Sub Saharan Africa. The reason is 75 percent of fishery products traded only to meet the Japanese population consumption, the United States, Europe, and China.

The second crisis is the climate crisis. Not only affects the more damage to fishery resources, but also has claimed 24,000 lives in the ocean fishing (FAO, 2008). This is the crisis faced by the citizens of the world. Without the implementation of the principles of justice in managing fisheries resources and coastal marine fisheries, the worst crisis in history is going to continue to eliminate human life on a large scale.

Both crises have swept over and continue to spread throughout Indonesia. In many traditional markets, Terubuk fish, tuna, and reef fish that have high protein quality and the food consumption, almost hard to find. To overcome this shortage, the government continues to improve scale fisheries imports figures. In 2008, the volume of imports of fishery products with a value of 280,179.34 tons of 268 million U.S. dollars. The value of imports rose more than 100 percent compared with the year 2007 that only 160 million U.S. dollars in import volume of 120,000 tons. The decision to import tuna, fish flour, fish, catfish, and other food imports has resulted in state finances for more than 50 trillion, equivalent to 5.0 percent of the state budget continues eaten. In fact, Indonesia is a country with a gift of a large marine fisheries and diverse. In this context, we forget the message of President Sukarno (1901-1970) that, "Food is about to die-life of a nation. If people's food needs are not met, then the catastrophe (will happen) ".

In the midst of these difficulties, state efforts to provide protection and fulfillment of traditional fishing rights as citizens just ignored. As a result of extreme weather, in a note KIARA (December 2008 - March 2009), more than 46 traditional fisherman died at sea while noble mission, namely to provide protein for the nation's children from Sabang to Merauke. If allowed to go on, this condition will lead to the next crisis, namely the absence of reliable fishing on earth earth. Imagine, continued shrinking of fishery resources, increasingly kerapnya housing evictions of culture and the livelihood of fishermen, life safety threats due to extreme weather, until the quantity of poverty in coastal areas continues to rise as the state of indifference toward the sustainability of life and the ideals of family fishermen, will eventually bear fishing crisis and the loss of hope and optimism among the younger generation to continue the national identity, namely the ideals established a loyal fishermen support reliable wealth of maritime tradition.

Fisheries justice
In Law No.. 7 year 1996 about the food, it is mentioned that, the food is anything that comes from biological and water resources, whether processed or unprocessed, intended as food or drink for human consumption. Referring to the location of the Indonesian archipelago, irrefutable if fishery resources referred to as an important pillar of national food suppliers. However, the national fish consumption until 2009 somewhat lower, namely 30 kg / person / year, or four times lower than the consumption of Japanese citizens, of 125 kg / person / year.

Rests on the various crises that continue to occur, the World Fisheries Day This should serve as a starting point for the Indonesian government to conduct a reorientation of fisheries activities, with consistent and consistently do: first, to correct the log export policy of the national fish and increase efforts to the accomplishment of evil practices in fisheries, in order to address the and supports efforts to increase national fish consumption; second, ensuring the protection of fishing and traditional fishing areas; third, immediately revise policies and coastal marine fisheries that are inconsistent with the principles of environmental sustainability and social buildings, including the Law No. 27 of 2007 on Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, the Law Changes No. 31 of 2004 on Fisheries, and the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 5 Year 2008 on Fishing Enterprises. Similarly, the current policy of the United Indonesia Cabinet Part 2 of the provision of incentives for the private sector through the elimination of fisheries levies charges that clearly hit the line a sense of justice for traditional fishermen, and reopened the tap tuna exports on November 11 last, the great potential economic harm Indonesia, eliminating the independence of national fisheries, and damage the sustainability of marine ecosystems and food supply of national fishery resources.

Therefore, the People's Coalition for Justice Fisheries (KIARA), an NGO coalition of organizations, mass organizations, and individuals who took care of the sustainability of marine ecosystems and fisheries resources for the welfare and prosperity of the people and shouted to urge state officials to hasten justice fisheries with the principles as follows:

First, the importance of prioritizing the principles of sustainability of fish resources without debt, with a fixed priority on meeting the needs of national food self-reliance.

Second, the importance of providing and ensuring the fulfillment of fishing rights as citizens and privileges as their traditional fishing, and provide maximum protection for their traditional waters.

Third, the state understands the importance of fisheries as a source of food, the development of national culture, and the source of people's economy.

Fourth, understand the importance of fisheries as a whole, with the meaning of women's involvement in the activities of fishermen in fisheries as a subject of paramount importance.

For more information, please contact:
M. Riza Damanik, the Secretary-General KIARA
Hp. +62818 773 515 / 0852 5599 9708 (provisional)
Email. riza.damanik @ gmail.com / Kiara @ Kiara. or.id

Indonesia as the Country's Fishing Industry

2009-11-18T06:06:00.000+07:00

Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Fadel Muhammad will face many internal and external obstacles. Heavy duty must be addressed consistently and consequently, with three main principles, namely improving the welfare of the people, strengthening democracy, and justice, according to the commitment President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

Chairman of the Fisheries Society Archipelago (MPN), Moeslim shidiq expect, Fadel can move the fishery sector as a whole and to make Indonesia as the country's fishing industry. This country should not again become exporters of raw materials, but if the products of high value, so the industry grew rapidly and absorb more workers.

"Competitiveness is increasingly open world markets. Other countries have a superior. Indonesia is also supposed to have superior in fisheries, both capture and cultivation. Give relief effort, access to capital and technology, and eliminate various obstacles, such as do Thailand, Vietnam, and other competitor countries, "said shidiq.

Indonesia as a maritime nation, a very broad and has a fishery resource is very large, has not handled optimally. Weights and fishing fleet capacity is still left, so the Zone Economy Eclusive Indonesia (ZEEI) utilized foreign vessels illegally. Potential capture fisheries Indonesia reached 6.5 million tons / year with a value of hundreds of trillions
rupiah.

Fishing communities to Fadel optimistic because the business background and the current governor of the people's economic advance. Fadel expected to develop the fishing industry throughout the country, competing with other countries, the export increased rapidly. "Do not waste energy dealing with illegal fishing * *, but strengthen the national fishing fleet," he said.

* Very Limited *

Secretary General of the People's Coalition for Justice Fisheries (Kiara) Riza Damanik explained, DKP internal barriers include the capacity and quality of human resources is very limited, with work areas and extensive programs, both funded by debt and grants, the setting and the target is still overlap, such as the Coral Reef and Mangrove Rehabilitation Project (* Coremap *) and the Marine and Coastal Resources Management Project (MCMRP *) *.

Agenda cluster fisheries, Coastal Water Concessions , and allowing foreign vessels operating in Indonesian waters, according to Riza, is an example of impartiality DKP to coastal communities. These policies are hindering the three main principles mandated President SBY. "Rules are not conducive should be revised," he said.

Meanwhile, external constraints such as related to the bilateral agreement with Japan, Australia, European Union, the United States, or ASEAN, which placed Indonesia as the only exporter of raw materials with the composition reaches 70%.

"This is very cost the state and society. DKP Officers also too many to travel abroad," he said.

The existence of some outside the marine policy and fisheries often overlap and conflict affect the authority and interests of cross-sectoral departments, among others, by Minister of Forestry, Ministry of Environment, and Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. Therefore, the necessary coordination between DKP and assertiveness.

Approximately 90% of the fishery, which amounted to more than 16 million, still the traditional scale and access to information and capital is very minimal.

"However, we still have an optimistic, penyejahteraan target and distribution of marine resources for traditional fishermen and coastal communities will be achieved," he said.

All that would be realized if the DKP to get used to "pick up the ball", no longer running programs karikatif more imagery than substance to promote the welfare of fishermen. Programs
drain funds big enough just to change the statistical fluctuations of poverty in coastal areas. [SP / Sumedi TP]

Indonesia faces in the Upper Deck Ships

2009-11-15T23:29:00.000+07:00

Ernest Hemingway, a novelist, wrote a story about the struggle ciamik an old man and the sea. This novel tells the story of inner turmoil and human physical meaning of a life's journey. Sea provides a broad meaning, the true nature of life. Without the rule. Without boundaries.

The old man, who before her life would end, should determine the direction of life. Where he will go after death came to pick him up. Old man. Solitude. Sea. Provide a strong bond. As well as a bitterness.

The old man could not easily conquered the sea. He was too strong. And the old man was too frail. In fact, the boat which he was riding, was too fragile to withstand onslaught of the waves. And the roar of the storm. Easily swallowed sea boat and an old man. However, the sea also know, the story of the journey the old man had not stopped there. Even when death had to pick him up.

Ernest just write in the form of a novel. I do not know what the story "The Old Men and The Sea" is about him. Where, he found inspiration when he started the legendary novel?

I remembered the trip Fadzham Fadlil. A middle-aged man, dark as the sun burned, and found his life on the sea. He traveled from New York to Indonesia. Alone with a sailboat.

The story, the adventure was so far like the story of Robinson Crusoe. And he himself was an admirer of adventure stories. Several times, the sea and the storm was almost throwing his ship. And cold weather resulted in high hemothermia.

I knew him in Bandung. And the time to write the story of his trip to Indonesia Playboy Magazine. In fact, he had invited me to go sailing. However, until now not been realized.

Fadzham Fadlil nicknamed Sam bitter-sweet journey through it. He closed the piece travelingnya sentence in the book. The last but not least, the journeys more important than the destination it self.

Ernest Hemingway and Fadzham Fadlil, writing about the world of the sea, ships, and people. A story about life. The face of a journey.

I, not the kids who grew up and close to the sea. In fact, the image of the sea in my mind, is always scary. The world is full of myth and bitterness. Perhaps, the world just enough to enjoy the ocean through a book. Over coffee and snacks. However, the trip "Emerald Equator Expedition" can not avoid the sea. This journey will take eight months. Indonesia to around 100 islands. Motorcycle ride.

We-I and Farid Gaban-crossing from one island to another. And stopped to look closely at how human life on the island 100. Ship, something that rarely we were riding, eventually became the space close to my life. A shared communal space. Encounter with a thousand faces. Language. Ethnicity. And all the stuff in life meanders lika ship.

This story I found in the pioneer ship. Japanese manufacturers ship 900 tons of power. His name, Terigas. The management of PT. Mitra Nusantara Raya, a national shipping company. He served small islands. From Bengkulu, Enggano Island, Mentawai Islands, Tanjung Pinang, Pulau Terempak, Midai Island, Sea Island, Island Sedanau, Ranai-Natuna, Subi Island Sintete to cross into West Kalimantan.

The ship was not a passenger ship. But the freighter. Starting from eggs, flour, rice, soap, cooking oil, grease, until the paper. However, whether the idea of anyone, this ship eventually became the ship's passengers. Above deck blue tarpaulin stretched. Similar events in the village celebration. Passengers sleep, sitting, standing, squatting, all fours, smoking, eating, drinking and even perhaps going out under the tarpaulin.

Republic was not able to provide a comfortable boat and clean. As well as safe, many cases of accidents due to the passenger ship sank. Then again a lot of cargo, Alamak, such as sudden market deck. Young and old. Men women. Children up to the tiny baby lying Pindang fishes. Crowded and fought for space. Deck is also full of passengers with luggage.

The most pathetic is the young woman-old age, nursing mothers and of course the children. Women do not have a special place. Starting from toilets, bathrooms, up to a place to lay down. They are also difficult to climb down onto the deck. About one meter tall and narrow. Left and right side of the hull is limited iron fence. If not careful can be sprained or fall into the sea. This narrow street full of garbage, too dirty. Sometimes slippery due to sick passengers.

The view was stifling. Dirty air. Lots of dust. Direct sea breeze on my face. If the storm comes, the wind was strong and quite cold. I can not imagine how the fate of people who have allergic disease. Or used to living well established, private car, no air-conditioning facilities, usually flying first class, and then try to taste the sleep on the decks of this ship.

Eating instant noodles every day, drinking coffee in a plastic tub bathing in the murky water, toilet shitting in measuring 1 x 1.5 meter square, or free food rations; rice with peanuts menu and one tablespoon of salted anchovy. The rate of this ship like a snail. If the waves hard, rocking the boat. Makes me sick. The smell of vomit people were stuck in the nose. Also the smell of urine that came from where.

Entertainment during the trip is to see the sunset. This is the one that attracted attention. If the weather is good, the sun like a burning sky. Gradually became silhouette. And left the gold color, strong yellow and blue. It was cool to see someone to teach, his voice faint. Maghrib adzan heard at dusk. And saw people who were praying, sitting facing the Qiblah.

We passed this condition for seven days and six nights. The average for taking one island to another about 12 hours. Every drop of about two to six hours. Reducing passengers, goods trade, clean water content up to accommodate the new passengers. Bathe twice in the ship. Two times a swim in the clear beach.

Sad and bitter to see it. Indonesian Government incompetent to provide the right public facilities. Perhaps also a blind eye to things like this. And more importantly like to wage war against terrorism. Likewise with the media did not run jurnalismenya. And look at public issues, such as marine transport, less important and relevant.

But the citizens of this republic had no choice. This is the only public transportation. This ship is helping to push the wheels on the twisted life of small islands it. Deliver passengers to take off homesickness at home with his family. Rotate the local economy.

During the trip, I never saw the state that use of this pioneering vessel. Most traders and ordinary people. Ordinary citizens who stripped to the waist. And let the people see his armpit hair. Merchants hawking their wares-selling crackers, oranges, watermelon-. And when selling, the seller directly uttering a prayer, so that the buyer and the rejekinya increased sholehah.

In the deck chatting to each other, staring, giving a smile and touch with its own way. Without a governing and leading. There's Java. Malays. Tionghoa. Sunda. Acheh. Like a big family. There was no racial prejudice, religious strife, and political differences. Except, aware that personal belongings lost or confused. This is the face of Indonesia on the deck of a ship. It was like sauce. If it feels too deep to diarrhea and abdominal pain.

What kind of people I could not protest. Moreover complained requested special services. Simply look. Heard. Feel a little queasy. And write happily on the deck. Among the passers and the thundering sound of people chatting. And screamed cries a whining little baby. Just smile to see that Indonesia faces away from Jakarta. ***

By. Ahmad Yunus

Origon Pink Has Certificates Sustainable Fisheries

2009-11-14T05:33:00.000+07:00

On Thursday last, Pink has legitimate Origon received stamp as a sustainable fishery and the shrimp is the only shrimp fishery to receive direct approval from Marine Stewardship Council , a company that promotes fishing practices are responsible.

Certification can enhance a reputation as a leader in sustainable fisheries management. How could they not?? Origon obtained, the catches of nets that have been modified.

The device, which resembles a round barbecue grill, placed on a sock-like trawling net. With hope, shrimp can be trapped in the fish, rocks, and soil can be directly terkeluarkan.

This is a clear path for the world's fisheries to be able to last much longer and produce more quality products. May the Indonesian fishery can do ......

Intercourse Islands

2009-11-14T00:53:00.000+07:00

In fact so many historical facts are still hidden behind the time and our ignorance about the civilizations that once and still being developed by this Indonesian island communities. The facts of many of the monumental historical moment of our life history obskur, clad in mystical, eclectic berpengertian, or dark at all. In fact, for example, the history that has not been much, say about the Wali Songo, many afflicted shadows. So any question the introduction of Islam, Gajah Mada University, Sriwijaya, Ajisaka, culture and ancient Javanese, Betawi origin, to whom was Imam Bonjol and The Padri, and so on.

Or let's say an Egyptian geograf Greek who lived about 1.5 millennia ago, noted the expedition of Java with the results of earth's best to Africa in exchange for slaves, at 100 M. Illustrates the fact that time has developed a fairly advanced civilization with economic level (trade) high.

Or, as the experts proved, marine skills this island communities have the tradition of even a very high technology, since ancient times. Junk boat so instead learned from the Chinese, but quite the contrary. Once the technology was a large fleet of sailing and China, like the expedition Ceng Ho, actually learned from marine tradition of this country. Not surprisingly, since the three great civilizations that greatly influenced this nation - China, India, and the Arab - indeed the continental civilization, rather than maritime.

Not surprisingly, when the words''nautical''in the vocabulary of Malays, the basic meaning''ancient''. A clear labeling of marine as our original identity. So that might be true opinion of some observers: Indonesian words - which stems from the word''Indos''(Indus / India) and nesos''''(nusa / island) - it is oriented land. The word''archipelago'',''homeland'', or''perceived''dipantara much better suited describes the historical and geographical realities of this nation.

Of exposure that we have proof that in these islands, since thousands of years ago, has developed a form of cultural interaction that is very open and cosmopolitan, which is marked by the process of acculturation that full respect for foreign cultures. Countries around the islands, such as Formosa, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia - and indeed to Madagascar and Hawaii, according to the distribution theory of language - are part of social tradition in the islands.

The arrival of continental culture that came from the North and West in particular - to Europe - since the time of history, in fact quite contrary to that tradition. The penetration of continental culture that is very strong, through religion to colonization, from the capitalization in materialiasi until 200 years later, just shake that tradition. Even for the most part succeeded in changing the orientation, patterns of thinking, or our mental attitude. Mainland culture, the shape of concentric kingdom and the army, for example, so dominant today.

Interestingly, the culture was now adoptif snatched up the confidence of its neighbors, Malaysia. Their economic success was''the West''to make the country has an odd way of thinking: to see yourself or cultural identity in the face''subordinate''brother next door. Then, feeling he was jealous of the''disturbing''brother, to undermine the political and cultural authority, to obtain political power / cultural, on the economic strength they have.

Actually, if the normal course Pendet, reog, shadow puppets, a sense Sayange, and so they display. Because the association islands, it commonplace. Bangsa Melayu - as the Nation Batak, Javanese, Bugis, Balinese, and others - as well formed and shaped by cultural elements outside. There's no copyright issues, especially patents. That there are ethical problems, when the islands cultural interactions injured by a cultural attitude of one of its members who are not polite and did not have any respect, even in the traditions that have created themselves.

Especially when the use of cultural elements was backed by the narrow interests of political, ideological, or industrialists, through the continental approach - which has a history of extraordinary cultural robbery - on fellow members of the civilization of this island. A slap to give proper warning and memories made. Reprimand to return respect the cultural identity of our first together. Reprimand which actually should be given to our own rulers who also had''forgotten''the sea, or deny''''ketanahairannya own.

Sea vegetables is the key to The Secret To Global Warming Prevention

2009-11-12T00:58:00.002+07:00

Mangrove forests, brackish marshes (salt marshes) and seagrass (seagrass beds), covering less than 1 percent of the entire area of the world ocean seabed, but can bind over half of all carbon is buried on the seabed.
Life in the sea have the potential to help prevent global warming, according to a recent report published.Sea plants can absorb 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year, but most of the plankton in charge of it never settles to the bottom of the sea to the carbon storage permanent.

Another case with mangrove forests, brackish marshes and seagrass. Although they all cover only less than 1 percent of the area of ocean sea floor, but they can lock over half of the carbon buried in the seabed. They are expected to bind approximately 1650 million tons of carbon dioxide per year - less than half the emissions of global transportation activity - to create carbon sinks they are the greatest on earth. But now its capacity to absorb carbon emissions under threat: the more habitat loss (habitat loss) at a rate of about 7 Peren per year, or up to 15 times more speed than that experienced by tropical rainforest. In fact, about a third had vanished.

Approximately 50 percent of mankind on this earth to inhabit the coastal areas as wide as 65 miles from the coast, and this gives a very heavy pressure on coastal environments. Since the late 1940s, Asia has lost some 90 percent of mangrovenya forests, destroy spawning areas and care for the fish, as well as protection for local communities to the blows of the storm.

Brackish marsh area near the mouth of the river and the delta suffered a similar fate, because it diverted for various development activities. In fact, this ecosystem is very rich in various types of plants capable of binding carbon. Seagrass often can increase the seabed up to three feet because they precipitate seagrass bed of the dead, but the murky water for them to get sunlight. "We have learned that our ocean ecosystem is a valuable asset of trillions of dollars associated with tourism sector, perthanan beaches, fisheries and services water purification. Now increasingly clear that it can be a partner to fight climate change ", so said Achin Steiner, UN Under-Secretary General.

The potential contribution of the ocean as a sink for carbon is still neglected, according to reports on the results of cooperation of UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) and UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Accurate data about the habitat is very difficult to obtain, and is expected to be two times lower than the estimates used in the report. "Capacity to bury the carbon by the marine habitat of this plant is phenomenal, 180 times greater than the average rate of burial in the ocean open, "says the writer. The result, can be locked around 50 to 70 percent of organic carbon to the ocean floor.

To protect the authors suggest that Carbon Fund established Blue (Blue Carbon Fund) to help developing countries protect their marine habitat. Carbon sinks in the sea can also be traded as well as forest land, they said. Together with the UN scheme to reduce deforestation, marine habitats, it can reduce up to 25 percent reduction of emissions would be required for global warming under 2oC (3.5oF). Christian Nellemann, editor of the report tells us: "The trend (trend) now shows that the ecosystem - ecosystems will largely disappear in the next few decades ". (Source: Times Online, October 14, 2009) Source: CRITC COREMAP-LIPI

Understanding The Increasing Risk pathogens Coral Bleaching

2009-11-10T01:12:00.000+07:00

Inspired by technology used by doctors to scan Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), researchers from six institutions including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - worked at Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML) in Charleston, SC, is studying the metabolic activity of pathogens that suspected to be one cause of coral bleaching, a serious threat to coral reef ecosystems around the world.

Coral reef bleaching or whitening of life due to interference with the coral with symbiotic zooxanthellae. This unicellular creatures in coral tissue and provide energy for 90 percent of reefs. Chemicals derived from algae that gives color to the reef. Unfortunately, coral colonies around the world are threatened by a sea of bacteria known as Vibrio Coralliilyticus. When a virulent microbe, he can enter the rock and expel the zooxanthellae, and causes coral to lose pigmentation. If symbiosis disturbed long enough, now dying of starvation (zooxanthellae is a major energy producer for the rock).

Environmental scientists shows the results of laboratory experiments that the virulence V. coralliilyticus depends on temperature. Bleaching by microbes occurs at temperatures above 24 degrees Celsius (75 degrees Fahrenheit). These findings have raised concerns that increased ocean temperatures, either through natural seasonal changes or trends of climate change may lead to increased risk of coral bleaching. During the last two decades, has been reported that nearly 30 percent of the world's coral reefs have been reduced by bleaching.

A scientific paper in Environmental Science and Technology, the research team describes how HML nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to study the metabolic changes due to the effects of temperature V.coralliilyticus. This technique allows the discovery of small molecules associated with the metabolism of compounds related to different biological conditions. In this study, the rate of three compounds - betaine, glutamate and succinate that helps regulate energy production and osmotic pressure (a mechanism for maintaining cellular integrity) in V. coralliilyticus changed significantly from when the bacteria are not virulent at 24 degrees Celsius and become virulent at 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit). These metabolic changes HML team psebagai trusted guide to understanding the reasons for the small temperature changes, but can change coralliilyticus vibrio non-virulent a threat to coral bleaching

The study of metabolic systems V. future coralliilyticus planned to better understand the complete mechanism of the relationship between the temperature involved in patogenitas. The researchers hope that these findings will lead to a better understanding of the symbiotic relationship in a healthy reef and the potential impact that may occur due to ecological changes. (Go Blue Indonesia)

RI Urged To Put An End To Illegal, Unreported Fishing

2009-05-28T18:11:00.000+07:00

In the run up to the upcoming World Ocean Conference (WOC) in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia has been urged to make use of the event to ask other countries to stop illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing.

“The government should be able to make use of the opportunity to secure a commitment against IUU fishing,” secretary general of the People’s Coalition for Fishery Justice (Kiara), Riza Damanik, said in a press briefing in connection with the WOC here on Friday. Riza said the government had to abandon its risky diplomacy of expecting aid funds for the rehabilitation of coral reefs to fight global warming. The government, Riza said, needs to act wisely by making use of the WOC in Manado on May 11-15 2009 to demand 10 countries to stop poaching in Indonesia.

In the past 10 years foreign fishing vessels from 10 countries had been poaching in Indonesian waters. Those countries included Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, Korea, China, Taiwan, Panama, Myanmar and Malaysia.”The crisis in our seas is related to crimes committed in the seas. Because of illegal fishing we have lost 50 percent of our marine resources,” Reza said. The chairman of the Anti-Debt Coalition, Dani Setiawan, meanwhile, said Indonesia must be able to control its territorial sea.

It means, he said, Indonesia must not use the WOC to seek loans because it is feared they would make the country to lose its control of its sea. The director general of supervision and control of marine resources and fishery, Aji Sularso, said earlier that most vessels conducted illegal fishing in the country’s waters so far came from Vietnam.

He said however that it was Thailand that had exploited most of Indonesian fishery resources.. He said Thailand already had a had strong network in the country. Earlier, former Minister of Maritime Exploration sSarwono Kusumaatmadja said illegal fishing by foreigners in Indonesian waters had cost the country an estimated US$4 billion in revenue every year.

Sarwono noted that the foreigners were getting more of Indonesia’s maritime resources than Indonesians themselves, while this country itself only earned some US$2.2 billion from its fishing sector.

“It’s our water and fish, but we ourselves are losing. It’s ridiculous, he said, adding that illegal fishing activities were mostly committed by foreign poachers from the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan and China and some other neighboring countries that had no cooperation agreement with the government of Indonesia.

In fact, the poachers often used high technology in fishing, causing difficulty to Indonesian patrol boats to detect their presence. More tragic is that the poachers have shown no fear of Indonesian patrols, who are either outnumbered or poorly armed, director general of monitoring and control at the marine and fishery ministry, Aji Sularso, said earlier.

“The illegal fishermen show no respect for our national law. The shoot-and-sink policy will be part of a show of force to deter them,” he said. Aji said illegal fishing had become out of control, as it was “threatening Indonesia’s economic and territorial sovereignty”.

Under the Indonesian fishery Law No. 31/2004 on fisheries, the ministry’s patrol guards are authorized to carry guns. But in particular, the law concerned is designed to accommodate the needs and challenges of developing the fishing industry and to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal fishing.

The Indonesian government has been criticized for being “too lenient” in releasing and allowing Filipino fishermen to repatriate and reunite with their families. They would usually give one of two reasons, either citing humanitarian reasons or a lack of funds to provide basic needs and shelter. In addition, hundreds of confiscated foreign-flagged fishing vessels are now crowding dozens of seaports across Indonesia.

They are corroding, if not sinking and already wrecked, while waiting for legal processing, which could take years to complete. But no specific budget has been allocated for their maintenance.

Indonesia, which loses US$4 billion a year to poaching, is desperate to beef up its fishery patrol fleet, which currently consists of only 21 vessels. Securing the fishing boats could at least reduce the losses the country suffers.

Last year the government established five ad hoc fishery courts in Jakarta, Medan (North Sumatra), Pontianak, Tual island in Maluku and Bitung (North Sulawesi) in a bid to cut short the prolonged legal process against poachers, particularly those from overseas.

However, the ad hoc courts do not help achieve the goal as law enforcers are often divided over how to settle poaching cases. Maintaining this policy would risk Indonesia’s interest, not only will it send the wrong message on how Indonesia upholds the law, but it could also lead to an increase in the frequency of IUU in Indonesia.

Unfortunately, until now Indonesia has not established a special committee to deal with illegal fishing cases. The government tends to rely on a sectoral approach in handling such cases. Coordination between related government agencies is weak and would not be applied on a regular basis. A fisheries court has not been established either.

Indonesia and the Philippines have established a mechanism of Joint Commission on bilateral cooperation. The two countries have also signed an MoU on Marine and Fisheries Cooperation in General Santos, the Philippines, on Feb. 23, 2006. However, the two countries have not yet established a bilateral arrangement to table particular issues of fishermen. (ant/Eliswan Azly)

Fish bombardment is occurring on the island of Menjangan

2009-05-27T17:13:00.000+07:00

Action bombardment of fish in the area of the island of Menjangan, Buleleng and fishing activities in the area of Ship wreck, Tulamben - Karangasem, in the southeast are still in progress. Secretly. This illegal action resulted in coral reef destruction and the dead fish that have not been rightly arrested.

''Many of the injured fish action bombardment, especially pollution and damage to marine environment, including many small fish that are dead should not be harvested, "said Emanuel said Jarakana, Dive Dive Opreator from Spoce, not this old.

Menjangan Island that located in the Regency of Buleleng and Tulamben Karangasem region including, the site terfavorit Dive in Bali. Menjangan island that has about eight Dive site - such as Ranger Hut, Bat Cave, Underwater Cave, Anchor wreck, Slove Sand, Underwater Bay Garden Eels and added the conditions that are far from pollution and sedimentation, making this area very interesting to visit the diver. Most of the data is not available, every day, about 25 - 50 divers penyeaman do in this area.
About 5 years, the condition of coral reefs began to experience rapid growth as well as fish-ikannya. ''This is because this area there are many nutrients, sedimentation so far from the coral reefs in this area have started to grow and good, "said Iim so call name.

But lately - especially after the Nyepi holiday, several months ago, there was enough damage that fatal death and also small fish. Iim According to this condition due to the bombardment of action. So we can''simpulkan, until now, Menjangan Island and its surrounding area have not been safe from the bombardment of action, "he explained.

Therefore pihaknyapun have to contact the National Park to follow up, and the Fishermen menghubingi Group Banyu Bathroom. Only''for coordination, so that they know - that some of the damaged site of action because the bombardment, "he added.

Similarly in the area of Ship wreck dives - Tulamben. According to a protected area because it is a shipwreck Dive site that have the uniqueness and beauty of the seabed and divers kinds of fish swarm in the area, many fishermen suspected secretly make 'stealing' fish. The beauty of''because there is a shipwreck and fish-ikannya beautiful. If not all will necessarily be destroyed. Travelers who datangpun because Tulamben to see the beauty of it, "specifically.

Conditions that occur in two areas favorite dives in Bali is expected Iim attention by all parties, especially those who have economic interests there. Diharapkannya, coral reefs in this area can be maintained so that both degan provide sustainable benefits for generations now and future.

Tidal

2009-05-18T23:27:00.000+07:00

The vertical movement of water (vertical rise and fall) of sea level caused by the tensile strength and months or sun, called the tide. If as a result of going bekerjanya pairs of horizontal movement of water, this is called the tidal current. Tidal current flow of water flow and ebb.

Flow-water mark (floot tide) is the flow that started in the water flow is being increased until some time after high tide (high water).
Flow water (floot tide) is the flow of water began to flow diwaktu are receding until some time after the low tide (low water).

If water flow is moving to the right place at the particular things, then the flow of water will move to the opposite direction to the left. Before the movement to the right before changing to the left (or vice versa), is some time where the movement of water as if to stop and this situation is calm water (slack water).

In general, the movement of sea level rise fall occurred twice in one day. The sea surface is called the high water level (high tide or high water) and sea permukaaan the lowest-called low water (low tide or low water). Distance from high water to low water or vice versa is called lata water (range of tide). Higher than high water or low water is not always the same, Leh diambillah therefore a high standard of water that is average to low tide and water for the average low tide.
The high water mark and low water is very important in coastal shipping, especially when entering a port akan or inland waters. A navigator must be able to know with certainty, based on the particulars of whether the ship can enter or exit the port or river with the safe without taking the risk aground. The first reaction of a navigator in the area of shallow waters or which will enter into a water that is shallow in the sea on the map with your own ship laden. The depth of the sea on the map is calculated from a face surutan (chart datum).

Front surutan is a surface illusion where the sea depth is measured. Each recorded in the sea on the map until the surface is calculated. To set this surutan face, there is no uniformity among countries in the maritime world, so in using the map we must consider what the face of surutan used. Some examples of face surutan used by agencies in the world is hidrografi:

Indonesia: low water perbani (Low Water neap).
English: water full moon low average (mean Low Water Spring).
United States: the Atlantic, water, low average (mean low water).
In the Pacific, the water low lowest average (mean lower low water).
Japan: Low water full moon Indian (Indian Spring Low water).
Netherlands: lowest full moon water low average (mean lower low water spring).
Bulgaria: sea level on average (mean sea level).
Norway: full moon low water equator (Equatorial spring low water).

List of flare Indonesia

2009-05-17T21:23:00.000+07:00

Consists of 10 row, namely:
Row 1: Number of beacon. The usual number is printed according to the beacon sequence
number in Indonesia, while the number in italics is the international flare.
Ex: Tax flare Boompjes Island - 299 (Indonesia), while the international number is 1084 K,
italics.
Row 2: Name flare, for example Boompjes Island.
Row 3: Place the beacon, it was stated in the North or South Latitude and East Longitude.
Column 4: number, color, strength light candles in 1000 and the light source of the
beacon.
Row 5: Nature and the beacon period.
Row 6: High flare in meters above sea level on average.
Column 7: The distance in miles to the visible light of the weather.
Column 8: Description of buildings or ships with high flare approximately in meters.
Column 9: The explanation advanced.
Column 10: Description of the BPI is the beacon.

Proofs found in the chart (general / detail)

2009-05-15T20:13:00.000+07:00

Map as a tool in the main sail / boat across can be mastered by a navigator in use so that there will be no wavering. In the hands of a good navigator, akan map is a priceless tool that does not mean, but rather akan akan misleading and can be distressing if not used properly because of lack of understanding and knowledge.
Map of common use by sea-crossing in the Indonesian sea-crossing ocean (ocean going) is a sea of maps published by the Hydrographic Office of The Admiralty "or commonly referred to maps of BA (British Admiralty). For this reason the proofs that are mostly located on a map of the sea will be taken from the map BA
 Tax map (number of the chart):
This is printed on the lower right corner and upper left corner of the map
 Name of the map (Title of the chart):
This is printed in place of the most visible and well and does not cover the necessary proofs and local lalulintas (route-main shipping route) from the map.
 Last year the survey was held (date of survey):
This is printed under the name of the map.
 Year of publication (date of publication):
This is printed on the outside boundary map, at the bottom, in the middle. For example: Published at the Admiralty 30th March, 1965.
 New Year publication (date of new edition):
This is printed on the right side of the original publication. When held to a map perubahan-perubahan/pembaruan-pembaruan in general, the dikeluarkanlah a new edition of this map shows the year with a new edition, for example: New edition 29th July, 1966. discharge with a map of this new edition, the correction-corrections large and small (large and small Corrections) on the old map, and eliminated.
 Correction / change (large correction):
This is printed on the right side of penebitan years. When the right is printed edition of the new year, the correction of this printed below it, for example: Large correction, 11 March 1966.
 small correction (small correction):
Correction-correction is obtained from the seamen News (Notice to Mariner) and on the ships were corrected by the officer according to the navigation instructions NTM. Years and the number of NTM should be written on the map on the left side down. For example: Small Corrections, 1967 - 12. When this correction is only temporary, the under-correction correction earlier written with a small pencil "(T) and (P)" means the Temporary and Preliminary.
 printing Year (Date of Printing):
This is printed on the top right hand corner, for example: 246.64 which means: a day to 246 from 1964.
 The size of the map (dimension of the chart):
Size map is provided in the dim (inches), which is shown in the lower right corner, in parentheses. This information is useful when we suspect distortion.
 Scale of maps (scale of chart):
Scale of the map printed on the bottom of the Name Map.
 Description tide and tidal current (tide and tidal stream information):
Description for some pairs of ports on a map, also often included in the map and printed on a good place on the map does not cover the particulars or the main lalulintas voyage. Description tide usually shaped table, while information flow pairs are in the table or to give a sign like rhombus with alphabet or numbers as identification, for example, or, or the particulars or the shaft.
 In the sea with the stated depa (fathom) and feet (foot), and below the 11 fathom for fathom, and are given in feet.
 Unit to be printed in the sea with letters that light under the name of the map. For example: sounding in Fathom.
 The signs, abbreviations and acronyms (Symbols and Abbreviations), used in the UK chart (BA) are indicated on the map No. 5011. United States map in the signs and abbreviations, abbreviations shown on the map "No chart. 1 ". Indonesia on a map, signs, abbreviations and acronyms mean on the map No. 1.
 Information-ketarangan on the map that has been broken can not be removed except with the dicoret ink (purple) with rapih.
 Description-description of object.
To be able to recognize the map, for example, we will order the map, then the proofs that must be given is:
1. Tax map
2. Name the map and skalanya
3. Year of publication
4. Printing new year, the last one.
5. Year of correction, the last one.
6. Date of small corrections, the last one.
In general, in order map, a navigator only map number, name and map skalanya the country and publish it.
 Map of the sea that our message must be good. A map of the sea we call good if:
a. Surveynya investigation or time to create a modern map or can be considered modern.
b. Peruman located adjacent and evenly.
c. Boundary lines in the water (contour lines) and there must be real.
d. Lines must be real beach, without halting.
e. Proofs and signs that needed a navigator with the real figure.
 Measure the distance and direction.
- The length of a line turnaround (rhumb-line) is the same as the distance. To measure this distance, we use a unit called a long sea mile.
- One knot = one minute on the bow, or equatorial longitude.
- Proximity to the lines direction must be adjusted to scale the latitude where the course is located. This should really be on the distance of the far-distance (more than 100 miles). In the distance-a distance of less than 100 miles, it is considered sufficient by using the latitude scale menengahnya. Errors will happen in this case is very small and can be ignored.

Summary Map of the sea

2009-05-15T19:17:00.000+07:00

Map projection from the sea is partly curved surface of the earth to the top of a field that is even a map or a map.
Chart is intended to ease a navigator in a sail ship.
Map of the sea made in different size and scale of the area regions.
A map of the sea must either meet certain requirements in order to really be able to give instructions for a navigator, all the dangers that have, in the in-water, flare, flare, float, float, and other particulars actually envisaged real so that it can be used for shipping safety.
All information about the signs, pictures, symbol-symbol explanations can be seen on the Tax Map 1, and this absolutely must be mastered by every navigator.

Map of the Sea

2009-05-14T22:41:00.000+07:00

Scale map

Map scale is the comparison of one unit length in the length of the actual map. To express the scale there are several ways and used the most often used are:

Common scale (natural scale) for example 1: 80,000 means a unit length on the map = 80,000 in the earth.
Scale number (Numerical scale), for example, 1 cm on the map = 10 km on the actual situation.
Scale graph (graphical scale). On the map there is often a line that has the miles in size, yard, feet, kilometers, meters. Distance-distance in this map can be measured with the use of on-line unit is.

Terms of general chart

The sea, must contain all the dangers that exist, and a description that can be trusted on the inside and water lines in the.
Direction-the direction and distance-the distance should be stated in such a way so that navigation can be carried out carefully.
Especially in the numbers and says there must be the smallest in the water-water. Also in the biggest-in is also important in connection with the sea bottom section, to select a specific berth. For the purpose of determining the place is beside the type of ship tanahpun must also stated as necessary.
Flare-flare, float, float, perambuan-perambuan, lines and direction lines work, moorings must be written on the map.
The land, should not only show the shape and lines the beach, but must also be stated whether the land is flat, hilly, steep and mountainous, while the line between the order must be clearly visible.
Map title should declare the area described. In the title is mentioned skalanya, size-in which the size-and high mountains in the set, until the field in which it disurutkan and if necessary, the distance between the field (chartdatum) sitting area with medium (mean level), ship name and year perpetaan .
Month and year the publication, printing or re-listed at the bottom and up to date the map was last revised.

Map edit (using BPI)

2009-05-14T19:52:00.000+07:00

When there are several maps that should be corrected, then the map with the scale of the biggest take precedence. In this correction, but only one will include a map with the scale of a few different.
In addition, enter additional or correction-correction on the maps with the size of a large scale, the symbols and abbreviations, abbreviation of No map. No map or 5011. 1 should be used.
When in edit-illumination lighting perobahan too much to be done, then in accordance with skalanya, perobahan-perobahan that can be shortened by reducing the correction-correction according to the rules:

high on the sea surface
period
numbers in groups
visible distance.

4. For maps ocean, only the flare appears to have a distance of 15 miles and more included.
Aside from the visible distance, who only need to color and are

Catalog of the chart

British Admiralty (BA) published annually and contains the name, serial number, price and other kinds of maps from all the sea, as well as a list of publications useful for the navigation sea. This catalog is a book about maps and specifically the sea, there is a map index from A to W, which covers the whole world. This index will show the areas where we are and after that we find areas that we intend (for example, the index K), then in this region, we can see the maps which we need.

Folio from the Map

Folio from the map will provide a collection or series of maps are full of a certain region or a part of this world with the boundaries of a specific geography. Each folio has a name and serial number and in addition there is also a list of the folio, which contains the name and number of maps that are in the folio. By BA of the world is divided into 100 and given a folio number from 1 through 100.

Front Surutan Map (Chart Datum)

Front surutan face is a map of where in the water until the water-in disurutkan. From where in the in-water measure. So in the water on the map is never less than in the water indeed. Main purpose is to keep quiet calm sea in the guaranteed-particularly in the water in the harbor.
On the map in Indonesia-in disurutkan to average the lowest water taken every half year. In water are measured in meters.
High-level object in the face of the land is calculated from the highest water and expressed in meters. The water is in the line connecting the places in the same.

IV. Case I: Fishing In: Transboundary Shrimp Fisheries in East Kalimantan

2009-05-11T22:18:00.000+07:00

The first trawler used in Indonesian waters was a copy of Malaysian
trawlers operating in the Malacca Strait (Bailey 1997). The technique was
adopted by Indonesian Chinese in Bagan Siapi-api, North Sumatra who
were likewise attracted by the wealth of panaeid shrimps. The case study
used in this paper concerns the coastal waters in the Celebes Sea of the
districts Berau, Nunukan, and Tarakan of the province of Kalimantan Timur.
Although the practice of transboundary fisheries has a long history, it hasonly recently become an issue as a result of the decentralization of
governance rules. The Local Government Act No. 22/1999 that was replaced
by the Act No. 23/2004 delegates more authority to provincial governments
to manage the marine space until 12 miles from the shoreline. Within this
provincial space of 12 miles, the first 4 miles are under the authority of the
district, and the remaining 8 miles toward the sea are under provincial
governance. In addition, the Minister of Agriculture issued the decree No.
392/1999 dividing the coastal waters into three fishing zones; Zone I and II
covering the provincial waters, and Zone III stretching beyond the 12 mile
zone to the national boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of
Indonesia.

In 2005 there were about 3.150 trawlers smaller than 5 GT operating in
the coastal waters of Berau, Tarakan and Nunukan districts, and hundreds
of larger (10-30 GT) trawlers (Kompas 2005.03.16). The smaller trawlers were
mostly based at, and owned by Tarakan fishermen, but the bigger trawlers
were mostly based at both sides of the Indonesian-Malaysian border, in
Nunukan and Tawau respectively. These larger vessels were either owned
by Indonesian fisheries businessmen from Tarakan or Nunukan or other
Indonesian towns, or jointly owned by Indonesian and Malaysian
businessmen, the latter often Malaysian Chinese from Tawau. There were
also Malay owned vessels that were registered under an Indonesian name,
while a fourth category included Malay owned trawlers based at Tawau
(Malaysia) but operating in Indonesia by a primarily Indonesian crew. In
other words, the practice of transboundary fisheries does not only relate to
space (where the shrimps are caught, and/or landed) but also to ownership
and to human and technical capital (crew operating the trawler).

The large number of trawlers fishing in the Indonesian coastal waters is
remarkable in the light of the legal prohibition of the so-caller Trawler Ban
of 1980 (Presidential Decree No. 39/1980) when all trawlers were banned
from fishing in the Sumatra Sea and Java Sea, due to widespread and violent
conflicts between trawler operators and non-trawler fishermen. In 1981 this
ban was expanded to cover all Indonesian waters except the Arafura Sea.
These legal actions lead to the assertion of Bailey that “Indonesia is the onlycountry in the region to have addressed this issue of competition and
conflict effectively” (Bailey 1997: 225).

Then how is it possible that we find such a large number of trawlers
operating in the East Kalimantan waters, and what kind of conflicts are
taking place along the coast of Kalimantan Timur? One explanation is the
notable ineffectiveness and ambiguity of the Indonesian state in
implementing the Trawler Ban. On the one hand, the ban has never been
lifted and we can still observe navy ships or speed boats of the Department
of Marine Affairs and Fisheries patrolling the area and occasionally
apprehending trawlers whose crew would be brought to court. On the other
hand, both the former and the present Ministers of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries allowed the operation of shrimp trawlers in the border zone of
Kalimantan Timur, Tarakan and Nunukan, and even stimulated larger
trawler owners to act as patrons to small-scale fishermen1 in order to
stimulate the regional economy of the newly decentralized state through
translocal shrimp business networks.

A third explanation lies in the external territorialization of the
Indonesian state where indeed the demarcation of external boundaries was
at stake in the political conflict over territory between Indonesia and
Malaysia. In 2004 Indonesia had lost two islands to Malaysia in the
International Court in The Hague, the Netherlands: the islands of Simpadan
and Ligitan. So, when there was a sign that Malaysia might claim Ambalat
(see Figure 1 and 2) as their territory, the Indonesian government strongly
opposed it. An incident was created when a Malaysian navy ship
“disturbed” the construction of a navigational tower (but also, politically, a
sign of Indonesian claim on the territory) in Karang Unarang in the vicinity of Ambalat and was chased out by an Indonesian navy ship. 2 Also,
strategically, the Indonesian central government urged Indonesian fishing
fleets to go and fish in that area in an effort to claim the Ambalat space.
These happened to be the trawlers based in Tarakan and Nunukan.
Where the Ambalat issue clearly has a wider international political
impact,3 the territorial claims are clearly triggered by the wealth of the
marine ecosystem. The Indonesian government faces a “catch4 22” situation
with its Trawler Ban denying Indonesian trawlers to access the waters
around the contested islands. Meanwhile, Malaysian businessmen are not
impeded by Malaysian laws to send their trawlers to illegally cross the
border to fish in the Indonesian coastal waters. Consequently, both the
Indonesian government and the Indonesian shrimp businessmen experience
the prohibition to fish in Indonesian waters as “unfair” in their competition
with Malaysian trawlers encroaching “their” fishing space uncontrolled.
This policy of allowing trawler operation was well received by district
governments of Tarakan and Nunukan, as well as by the trawler
businessmen and their crews. In fact, this was what they had been
struggling for over the last few years, particularly after the implementation
of the local government act of 2000 on decentralization and regional
autonomy. Trawl fisheries is one of the most important livelihoods of coastal
people supporting thousands of families, as well as a source of revenue for
the local government and the state. For the local government, other than
releasing the political-economic pressure from trawler crews/fishermen,
registration fees and taxation associated with the shrimp trade are important
sources of government revenue. In the present era of regional autonomy,
local revenues are vital as an indicator of success of the development project
of the local power holders, and their political career.

The above case shows how decentralization increases rather than
decreases business type shrimp exploitation in East Kalimantan (cf. Satria
and Matsuda 2004). Decentralized resource policies not only create
incentives to local fishermen and translocal businessmen to increase the
number of operating trawlers, it also stimulates strategic “administrative”
border crossing and transboundary fisheries by Malaysian-owned trawlers.
Malaysian fisheries businessmen in Tawau are responding to the ministerial
(temporary) legitimation of trawler operation in the Ambalat and Karang
Unarang waters by strategically legalizing their illegal operations, using
their Indonesian trader-partner and his client network. They now send their
vessels to Tarakan or Nunukan and have them registered under the name of
their Indonesian partners.

These transnational trade networks between Malaysian Chinese
businessmen in Tawau and Indonesian fish traders or fisheries businessmen
is far from new. Such toke patronage relationships have a long institutional
history. Usually, the connection takes the form of Indonesian fish traders selling the fish to the Malaysian Chinese toke, in return for the cash prize of
the sold fish, access to borrowing fishing gear, or loans to further technical
and material improvements of the fisheries livelihoods of their clients in
their coastal villages. In other words, the transborder trade networks
between individual Malay and Indonesian businessmen include a much
wider social and spatial patron-client network along the coast of
northeastern Kalimantan. Moreover, these relationships are not resource
bound. Their institutional strength is precisely that the actors follow a
multiple resource strategy, and that they are flexible through time
depending on the flow of goods and prices at regional and global markets.
Therefore, it would not surprise to find the same families and individuals
involved over the last generations in - illegal and legal – transboundary
appropriation and trade of logs, weapons (in the 1960s), and marine
resources (Obidzinski 2003; Casson and Obidzinski 2002)
Figure 1. (1) Berau, (2) Tarakan, (3) Nunukan, (4) Tawau
Source: Modified from http://library.thinkquest.org/26300/media/indomap1.gif

Evidently, this policy and its ensuing practises have intensified pressure
on resource access and appropriation, and it has even created new conflicts.
Conflicts have increased between different categories of trawlers operators,
especially between operators of trawlers less than 5 GT and bigger trawlers The main issue of this conflict is the transgression of the fishing
zone by the larger trawlers entering Zone I, the zone exclusively allocated
for the smaller size vessels. Other conflicts arise between the local trawler
owners and those operators and local businessmen who are involved in a
joint venture with the Malaysian Chinese across the border in Tawau, or
those who allow their names to be used for the registration Malaysian
trawlers in Indonesia. Of course, they are primarily contesting access to
fishing grounds and scarce marine resources. But the issue of transboundary
ownership also plays a role in this conflict. The Indonesian trawler-owner
who is involved with a Malaysian Chinese in a joint venture, or those lend
their name to “legalize” a Malaysian trawler are accused of “selling their
nationhood” to the Malaysian Chinese for cheap pocket money. In other
words, it is important to realize that competing claims for transboundary
resources bears the potential risk of regional (or wider) ethnic-religious
nationalism to develop.

Figure 2. Ambalat

Source: http://berita.karebosi.com/62_428/Peta_Ambalat_4.html

What action did the district government take in this situation? In fact,
part of the problem was the conflict between the two Indonesian districts of East Kalimantan province, Tarakan and Nunukan, particularly between the
two District Heads (bupati), over the economic and political control of
trawler fisheries. As we mentioned earlier, patrols by both the Indonesian
Navy and by speed boats of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery
(MMAF) were occasionally conducted, and the apprehended vessels were
brought to court. The basis of both the bases of the Navy and the MMAF
happen to be in Tarakan. In effect, the larger vessels were the ones mostly
apprehended and brought to court, but most of these were owned by
businessmen from Nunukan and based there. This upset the Head of
Nunukan District because he took this (state) action as an intentional act of
discrimination against Nunukan in order to combat their access and claims
to the marine space in favour of the Tarakan District economy and Tarakan
based fisheries operators. In 2004/2005, this conflict became quite serious
and could only be stopped when the Governor of East Kalimantan facilitated
a meeting and proposed a solution to the two district heads.

V. Case II: Fishing Out: Eastern Indonesian Shark Hunters in the Australian Fishing Zone

2009-05-11T11:27:00.001+07:00

The practice of Indonesian fishermen fishing in the Australian fishing
zone (AFZ) has become a serious problem over the last decade.
Apprehension of Indonesian fishermen by the Australian authorities and its
corollary such as the death of a detained fisherman in 2004 often disturbed
the relationships between Indonesian and the Australian states. The
seasonally highly intensive shark transboundary fisheries by Indonesians in
Australian waters, particularly the Arafura Sea involves a high risk action
that is undertaken by poorer, small-scale fishermen from eastern Indonesia.
Their livelihoods and that of their families depend on this kind of practice.
There seems to a connectivity between the illegal, but largely uncontrolled
fishing in of foreign and Indonesian large trawlers into the fishing Zone I
designed for trawlers operating small-scale, the consequent exclusion from
access and appropriation of marine resources of these small-scale fishermen (see case I), and their subsequent fishing out and search for wider horizons.

Historically, the practice of Indonesian fishing in Australian waters
started even before the birth of the modern Indonesian state and the
Australian state. Early voyages of Indonesian fishermen into Australian
waters and even on land started in the first half of the 17th century when
trade networks of Chinese and from China were established. At this early
stage, fishermen particularly from Makassar (South Sulawesi) harvested
tripang or sea cucumber in Australian coastal seas, brought them ashore in
Australia to be dried and processed, and took them back to Indonesia for
selling to a Chinese merchant for the Chinese continental market (Campbell
and Wilson 1993: 9). Butcher (2004: 272-274) describes how the “age-old
movement of certain groups of collectors from reef to reef accelerated as
prices rose and stocks of certain species quickly depleted in one area after
another” in the case of trochus shell and tripang (Butcher 2004: 274).

Figure 3. Sea Cucumber Sold in Taipei

Source: Photo taken by Visser, November 2006.
The same can be said of live reef fish, shellfish, etc. fisheries where global market demand, improved technologies for resource spotting like
GPS and satellite sensing (Butcher 2004: 267, 270) rapidly increase the scale
and time intensity of the exploitation of these commodities. When fish and
sea cucumber or tripang became less abundant within the national waters of
The Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Korea, and Japan, these
highly commoditized natural resources are appropriated from spaces
beyond their national borders, both legally and illegally.
The exclusion of Indonesian fishermen from fishing in Australian
coastal waters started in 1880 when the Australian authorities passed a
regulation that all Indonesian fishing vessels operating in Australian marine
space should have license. Formally, this regulation was meant to protect the
Australian Aborigines from diseases and bad influences of the Indonesian
fishermen regarding their use of alcohol. However, its implicit objective was
to protect the Australian fisheries bussiness, and to control the external
boundaries of the Australian state (Macknight 1976).
Over more than a century Australia has developed many ways to
exclude foreign fishermen from enroaching their fishing grounds to collect
tripang or hunt sharks for their high prized fins. The strongest effort was the
ratification of the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) in 1960 (Stacey 1999). The signing of UNCLOS has led to the
signing of a Memorandum of Understanding in 1974 between the Australian
and Indonesian governments. This MoU outlines the restriction of
Indonesian fishermen in all Australian Fishing Zones except in five spots,
the so-called MoU Box including (1) Ashmore Reef, (2) Cartier Islet, (3) Scoot
Reef, (4) Seringapatan Reef and (5) Browse Islet (see Figure 4). It is
stipulated that only “traditional fishermen” that are allowed to collect
particular sea resources (throchus, sea cucumber, green snail, sponges and
all kind of sea shells, all kind of turtles are prohibited to be taken).
This example indicates that transboundary practices are not necessarily
illegal. In fact they may well be acknowledged by international agreements.
These spaces were open only to “traditional fishermen” defined as “fishermen who have traditionally taken fish and sedentary organisms in
Australian waters by methods which have been the tradition over decades of
time”. (Butcher 2004: 278, 279-80). Today, these very marine spaces contain
highly contested transboundary resources.

Source: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),
Marine Research
The definition of 1974 causes a dilemma for several reasons. Indonesian
fishers claim historical rights of access and tenure to these transboundary
spaces on the basis of their customary fisheries trips, and the 1974 MoU. The
problems derive from the use of the term “traditional” which was not
appropriately defined. In the MoU the term refers to the fishermen and
methods. It states that: “the fishermen who have traditionally taken fish
and sedentary organisms in the Australian waters by methods which have
been their tradition over decades.” Later, in 1986, a revision to the MoU was
issued in an effort to clarify the meaning of the word traditional. In this revision “traditional” relates to any un-motorised fishing boat and gear.
However, there are two problems with this regulation and its
implementation. First, the expectation that fishermen could comply with all
regulations, including the exact geographical positioning of their fishing
activities is unfair. Sailed perahu do not give fishermen full control of over
their boats. When there is no wind they may easily drifted off on the current
of the sea, out of the boundaries of the so-called MoU Box (see Figure 4). In
other words, the very restriction on the use of engine power also limits their
spatial control, thus increasing the chance of being caught in “illegal
fishing.” Secondly, the association of the term traditional with un-motorised
fishing boats and gear, has in fact created a de facto open access to the MoU
Box in the sense that all fishermen using un-motorised boats and gear can
access and appropriate the fisheries resources within the MoU Box. It has in
fact resulted in more pressure on the fishing grounds, as there is no shortage
of un-motorised fishing boats in Indonesia since the majority of the
Indonesian fishing fleet consists of un-motorised fishing boats (perahu).
Technically, there are important differences between the case of the
large shrimp trawlers “fishing into” Indonesia, and the relatively small-scale
boats “fishing out” into the Australian waters in search of the place-bound
sea cucumber and shark schoals seasonnally passing through the Arafura
Sea. We can be sure that in the early days of Indonesian fishing in the AFZ,
all fishermen used sailed un-motorised praus, but technological changes
over the last decades made stronger engines become availalbe which
improved the boats both in shape, and speed. Today, except some sailed
boats called lambo in the village of Oelaba on Rote Island, all fishing vessels
operating in the AFZ are motorised boats. In the earlier phases fishermen
used to be (free-)diving to collect tripang and other sedentary species such
as throchus. Since the 1980-90s they use compressors to collect their target.
Today, long line and nets are used to catch sharks. Like in our first case of
shrimp fisheries, the - mainly regional - desire for sharkfins in Singapore,
Hong Kong, Taipei, and mainland China is all but decreasing and indeed increasing with a higher standard of living of a new middle class (Figure 5).
The shift to pelagic fish has also triggered the technical improvements of
their boats, and today some of them are even equiped with a geo-positioning
system (GPS), modern compass and nautical maps. Meanwhile, the
Australian government declared Ashmore Reefs as national park managed
by the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service (ANPWS) recognizing
the high biodiversity of the Ashmore Reef environs (Stacey 1999). This
change of environmental status subsequently makes any fisheries action
illegal in that area, especially if the application of modern fishing gear,
improved engine power and supporting techniques already challenges the
meaning of the term traditional. These governance decisions regarding the
Reef should have oriented the transboundary fisheries activities more
toward the Arafura Sea and away from the Northwestern reefs. However,
the shift in the Asian market demand toward sharkfins and the technical
advance of other foreign vessels “fishing out” into the Arafura sea were
too powerful for the Indonesian fishers in smaller boats, and forced them to
keep sailing south to the AFZ.

Figure 5. Shark Fins in a Shop in Taipei

Who are these fishermen “fishing out” into the Australian waters, and
what drives them? The Indonesian fishermen involved in fishing in the
Australian waters have various ethnic backgrounds and origins.
”There are at least five distinct fishing and sailing populations in eastern
Indonesia, each of which can be distinguished by the language(s) they
speak, the kind of boats they sail, and by other specific cultural differences
and former local political allegiances. The main populations are: (1) the
Madurese; (2) the Makassarese; (3) the Bugis (or Buginese); (4) the Bajau
Laut or Sama-Bajau (who are sometimes referred to as “sea gypsies”) and
(5) the Butonese.” (Fox and Sen 2002)
These diverse etchnic groups started their journey into the AFZ from various
ports (see Figure 6). From the most western to the eastern parts of
Indonesia, these include the (1) Raas Island (Madura), (2) Makassar (South
Sulawesi), (3) Wakatobi (Southeast Sulawesi), (4) Kupang and Rote Island
(East Nusa Tenggara), (5) Saumlaki and (6) Dobo (Maluku) and (7)
Merauke (Papua). The last four places are the main ports where the fishing
starts and ends. In 2005, the numbers of boats involved in transboundary
fishing into the AFZ from these places were an estimated 750 - 950 (Fox,
Adhuri, Therik and Carniege 2006).
Interestingly (or ironically?), despite the vigorous efforts of the
Australian government to stop Indonesian fishermen to encroach their
waters, the intensity of the fishermen “fishing out” to the AFZ is increasing.
Recent studies in Kupang and Rote Island and Merauke show that boat
building for the purpose of “fishing out” from these places is still going on.
In Kumbe, one of the boat building centres in Merauke, 30 - 50 boats were
built every year in the last three years (Adhuri 2006). Similarly, boat
building centres in Kupang and Rote Island were all year around full of new
bodi, the local name for the type of boats fishing in the AFZ, (Adhuri,
Indrawasih and Wahyono 2005).

Figure 6. Main Ports of Origin of Indonesian Fishermen and

Numbers of Boats

Source: Fox, Adhuri, Therik and Carnegie (2006).

There appears to be a multiplicity of drivers, motivation, and strategies
causing the increase of Indonesian transboundary fisheries, despite
Australian efforts to control their external boundaries by increased patrols
and detention of Indonesians caught.
First, there is a connectivity of “fishing into” the Indonesian waters and
Indonesians “fishing out” into the Australian waters. Transboundary fishing
conducted either legally or illegally by foreign vessels in Eastern Indonesia
causes over-exploitation and the degradation of marine resources and
environment. The local fishermen are pushed to search elsewhere, where the
competition of large trawlers is less felt. Hence the increase of mainly
Eastern Indonesian fishermen trying their luck in the AFZ (Fox, Adhuri,
Therik and Carniege 2006; Resosudarmo and Napitupulu 2006).
The second driver is environmental: a decrease of marine livestock and
the access to the target species. A recent study conducted by the Research
Center for Capture Fishery of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery
(MMAF) found some indications of over- exploitation in all nine fishing
management zones of Indonesia (Table 3). Furthermore, it was reported
that the production of sea cucumber had significantly decreased in Nusa
Tenggara Barat in 1994. (Fox 1996: 195 ). This is another indication of the
overexploitation of the resource. The same resource is more difficult to
access and indeed getting scarcer in the MoU Box and other reefs due to
marine governance (Stacey 1999).Together with the “fishing in” back home,
this is pushing more fishermen south to “fish out” into the AFZ. In addition,
the Australian fisheries governance rules on the Ashmore Reefs and
environs have pushed fishermen out of the MoU Box, and shift to shark
fishing in other fisheries spaces within the AFZ.
Thirdly, the changing international market demands for sharkfin and
sedentary species. Sharkfin has become the main attraction for the
Indonesian fishermen to risk a journey into to Australian waters.
Fourthly, fishermen’s motivation to act the way they do also depends
on their access to and ownership of modern technology. The adoption of
new and more advance technologies, by those who can afford them, that has
stimulated more “fishing out.” The availability of smaller but more
powerful inboard engines which can be fitted in a small boat, facilitates
fishermen to move in and out of the AFZ much quicker. The use of
high-powered engines is one of the strategies of fishermen to evade
Australian patrols and one reasons of the booming of their practices in
recent years. This new category of fishermen also has access to modern spatial orientation techniques (GPS, nautical maps). Still, there are
fishermen who do not have access to these new technologies. Their
understanding of the transboundary prohibitions in Australia is another
answer to the question. While the Indonesian fishermen are well aware and
cognizant of the AFZ laws and regulations, there is little they can do when
they lack a strong engine and nautical devices to prevent them from crossing
borders under adverse wind and marine environmental conditions.
Finally, and related to the previous issue, is the wider aspect of culture
and livelihood strategies. The Indonesian fishermen usually perceive their
being caught, detained, and sent to prison or being deported back to
Indonesia as a matter of fate (nasib) determined by God. In other words,
regardless of how comprehensive the boundary marking regulations and
their implementation by the Australian state are, they see it as God’s will
whether they escape apprehension or not. Incidentally, especially younger
fishermen see their risky venture as a challenge. If they succeed, and they
return succesfully from a series of transboundary trips, they may be
regarded as a hero or jago. Their success gives them status and prestige, and
potentially a better chance finding an up-market marriage partner.
Interestingly, the very fact of being aprended, detained, sent to jail or
deported, is given a “positive” meaning by these fishermen. They believe
that, besides the will of God or “bad luck,” their proper treatment during
detention or in jail, the qualities of the food, the hot shower and the bed, are
perceived as enjoyable – and these facilities may indeed be better than what
they have at home.

III. Seeing Like a State or Follow the Resource Appropriators?

2009-05-10T22:12:00.000+07:00

The present popularity of the term transboundary is remarkable, and it
may be related to the - competing - international economic and
environmental interests and the interdisciplinarity of the research on
forestry and, more recently, on fisheries, together with the fact that
environmental systems and their resource units (cf. Ostrom 1990: 30) do not
acknowledge state boundaries. Both logging and shrimp fisheries are forms
of resource appropriation that are caught between global desire and local
deprivation. Global and regional markets for commodities like tropical
hardwoods, panaeid shrimps, and sharkfins put high pressure on theresource systems and on the resource units themselves. In the case of
“grounded” marine resources like sea cucumber, clams, trochus shells, and
coral reefs, the mobility of the resource appropriators, the fishermen
themselves, also differs from land-based cultivation and resource
appropriation, probably with the notable exception of pastoralists (Bruijn,
van Dijk and Foeken 2001). Local resource depletion is then very likely to
happen, and historical evidence shows that fishermen are very well aware of
this risk and act accordingly.
The historical evidence of Butcher (2004) shows that new terms
sometimes cover historical practices that have never been labeled as such.
Transborder fishing in Southeast Asia has a history of more than a century,
as the Celebes Trading Company held oyster beds in the Torres Strait and
near Aru in the 1880s, and Okinawan fishers setting muro ami nets on coral
reefs were based in Singapore, Batavia, and Manila, and fished as far as the
Gulf of Siam, in the eastern part of the Java Sea, and along the west coast of
Sumatra in the 1920s (Butcher 2004: 73; 145-150).
If, like in our Kalimantan case, fisheries involves the access and
appropriation of marine resources that are spatially outside the realm of the
Malay state and within Indonesian waters, the action can be labeled
“transborder” or “transboundary” and - by implication – “illegal”. But terms
are related to political, economic or geographical discourses that assign a
dominant role to physical space and the political-economic process of
demarcation; a perspective that differs from, but often dominates a
social-anthropological perspective.
When we follow the actual practice of the resource appropriators, like
the Malaysian crews who are engaged in the catching of shrimps in the
Indonesian EEZ and vice versa, these men are very much aware of the fact
that they are spatially intruding into each other’s national and provincial
territorial zones. But these actions do not have the prime purpose to
externally mark the national boundaries like it is the purpose of
territorialization. Economically, the picture may be more blurred in case aMalay trawler has an Indonesian crew who are fishing in Indonesian waters,
and subsequently land their produce in a Malaysian market town.
It is important to realize that from the perspective of these actors,
border-crossing is a fluid activity in the process of mobile resource
appropriation. Yet, it is often a conscientious act and the involved risk is
consciously taken. Legal and political boundaries are subordinate to the
social, economic, and cultural values and needs of those who “follow the
resources” in an increasingly empty sea.
Mobility is an umbrella term that encompasses all types of movements
including travel, exploration, migration, tourism, refugeeism, pastoralism,
nomadism, pilgrimage and trade. In these forms, mobility is essential to the
livelihood of many, and a means of survival to some. In fisheries society, like
in pastoralist society and possibly in most African societies (Bruijn, van Dijk
and Foeken 2001: 1, 2) a spatially mobile livelihood is often a reality that is
taken for granted. Often, mobility or migration is seen as a “rupture” in the
normal order of society as a result of the – Western - normative identification
of civil society and sedentarization. Similarly, this normative state-informed
image of society as a land-based, sedentary society lies at the basis of a
structural marginalization of mobile groups and individuals, like nomads,
pastoralists, and fishers. We could very well expand de Bruijn’s observation
by including fishers populations all over the world for whom mobility,
including transnational migration (Akyeampong 2001: 127-144) is a fact of
everyday life. In Southeast Asia, the spatial mobility of marine fisheries is
caused by environmental as well as social drivers, like the monsoons, the
biological productivity of the different ecological spaces, the multispecies
fishery that is typical of Southeast Asia (Butcher 2004: 7, 10, 21), and of
course gear and boat technology development, and multiple-level rules and
regulations influencing the access to and exploitation of marine resources.
Interestingly, in the recent literature on migration and transnationalism, the
resource related mobility of fisheries is seldom mentioned. Despite evident
parallels between the livelihood strategies of pastoralists and fishermen andtheir lack of property to the resource substratum of land and sea,
respectively, these parallels are hardly systematically researched and social
sciences still have a strong land-based bias. Here lies a challenge.
Transboundary resource access and appropriation is particularly
evident in the case of increased resource scarcity of the spatially highly
mobile, pelagic fisheries. Tuna and sharks, for example, are pelagic species
that follow migratory routes through seasonal time and large marine spaces.
National and international control of the amount of tuna or shark caught
and marketed are severely hampered by the fact that much of the marketing
is illegal (Fegan 2003) and takes place transboundary. Hausfather (2004)
shows that statistics on landings vary and that it is difficult to track the
mostly informal exports. The majority of shark fins landed in India are
exported to Hong Kong/China or Singapore, but imports of Indian shark
fins reported in Hong Kong (a duty free port) appeared to be 5 times higher
than FAO data on Indian landings. This clearly shows an underestimation of
actual transboundary trade volumes but it also indicated the need to
cautiously use formal statistical data as indicators of marine biomass. The
literature as well as the cases below clearly show that the practice of
transboundary fisheries is at crossroads with neo-institutionalist and
environmentalist approaches to fisheries or socio-ecological systems (eg.
Charles 2001; Folke 2006).

Territorialization of the Blue Environment

2009-05-10T08:56:00.001+07:00

In their paper on territorialization and state power in Thailand,
Vandergeest and Peluso (1995: 387) consider territorialization as the state’s
territorial strategies to control people and their relations to land-based
resources. They are concerned with the internal territorialization of state
power and its relation to the allocation and realization of resource access
rights (idem).In this paper we further elaborate on their study on forestry (1)
by expanding the subject of territorialization to include the control of people
and their relations to marine resources, and (2) by examining whether
similar processes of territorialization can be observed at multiple scales,
including the central state and its provincial and district governments, and
whether the rationales and decisions differ according to governance contexts.
Similarly, we do not intend to write on the political economy of space,
focusing on the spatial distribution of economic activities and the spatial
strategies of capital (cf. Castells 1996; or the migration literature on
remittance, e.g. Russell 1986) nor on resource systems (Ostrom 1990; Charles
2001; Folke 2006).

The state project of territorial control over people and their access to
natural resources has expanded, particularly over the last two decades, by
including the marine environment and marine resources. There are many
interesting comparisons to be made between the territorialization of forestry
and marine resources as an internal strategy of the central state or of
decentralized state governments. Sometimes, like in our first case, we shall
see that internal territorialization strategies may indeed be instrumental to
external boundary marking between states. Decentralization of governance
in Indonesia and elsewhere in Southeast Asia has added a highly relevant
condition to the practice of internal territorialization, and challenges
neo-institutionalist approaches (Fox, Adhuri, and Resosudarmo 2005; Hadiz
2004; Hidayat and Firdausy 2003). Decentralization increases the strategic
actions of central, provincial, and district governments of staking claims to
access and control of environmental wealth. This leads to more rather thanless internal territorialization and competing claims over resources within
state boundaries, resulting in a boom of boundary marking and zonation
that is not only frustrating to those who have to live off the sea, but it also
further alienates the state actors from the resource appropriators.
Although the term transboundary may be a bit confusing, the key
concern here are the governance strategies to claim access and control over
resources in certain (physical) spaces that are beyond the boundaries of their
district or provincial governance realm, but still internal to the state.
Therefore, we regard transboundary resource access and appropriation
primarily as a strategy of internal claim making and control over both
human resources or people and their access to natural resources.
Nevertheless, internal territorialization by decentralized governments may
very well support central state strategies for external, geopolitical, boundary
marking.

Where authors like Agrawal (2005) today write in terms of governance
strategies in Foucauldian terms of technologies of “environmenmentality”,
statements about similar processes have already been made two decades ago.
Sack pointed out (1986, cited in Vandergeest and Peluso 1995: 387-388, 419)
that territoriality is “the attempt by an individual or group to affect,
influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting
and asserting control over a geographic area”. It might be relevant to
highlight the social process of territorialization, and to study how such
control works by proscribing or prescribing specific activities within spatial
boundaries. But it seems equally relevant to see what happens if these
activities are purposely extended beyond certain spatial boundaries, into a
marine space that does not politically and legally belong to the state, and yet
these actions are legitimized - explicitly or implicitly - by the state’s
institutions? For example in the case of Kalimantan transboundary trawl
fisheries, where institutional and individual actors from provincial and
district governments, the military, and private businessmen are all involved
in the legitimation and legalization of transboundary fisheries (see case 1).